The Business Model Essay -- Business Management Essays

The telephone circuit Model Michael Lewis (2000 pages 256-257) scoffed at the whole attempt to corroborate the explanation of line of reasoning models when he wrote that Business Model is one of those terms of art that were central to the Internet boom it glorifies all manner of half adust plans. All it really meant was how you planned to make money.In an abstract of his paper A Mesoscopic Approach to Business Models Nano Research on Management published in Economic Issues in China Dr. Junyi Weng stated that Business Model, a well known important and extensively officed term by media, management consultancy and business top managers, is just in an embarrassment that there is no consensus about its definition and few papers in academic periodicals.He designed and discusses his image of business models based interfaces interacting in interior and exterior business environments. Peter Weill, Thomas W. Malone, Victoria T. DUrso, George Herman and Stephanie Woerner of MIT in their paper Do Some Business Models Perform Better than others? A Study of the 1000 Largest US Firms agree that the concept of business models is while widely discussed is seldom systematically discussed. The paper thus proceeds to postulate a conceptual framework for comprehensively classifying business models. These consist of four basic types of business models (Creator, Landlord, Distributor and Broker), which are each scattered down into four variants accordance with type of assets they deal in (physical, financial, intangible and human). Thus giving rise to 16 specialised business Model types.prof Michael Rappa like many others prefer to present a comprehensive and cogent taxonomy of basic categories as observed on the web as followsBrokerage denoteInfomediaryMerchantManufacturer (Direct)AffiliateCommunitySubscriptionUtilityHe however, does not believe that these are exhaustive and expects new and interesting variations in the future.KMLab Inc. offers an interesting definition a Business model is a description of how your society intends to create value in the market place. It includes that unique combination of products, services, image and distribution that your company carries forward. It also includes the underlying organization of people and the operational infrastructure that they use to accomplish their work. In some ways... ...rocesses such as inventory management and so forthMaybelline a company founded in 1915 is one of the largest selling color cosmetics line in the United States. Its sells through outlets of almost every major mass-market retailer, such as supermarkets, drugstores, discount stores and cosmetics specialty stores. Its products are also available in over 70 countries worldwide.Maybelline uses a traditional model in its sales distribution network, which is the use of sales representatives to canvass for business and to arrange for sales. The use of sales representatives who are employees makes this a Business-to-Employee-to-Busine ss interface model.In the 1990s the company a traditional plaster company re-invents itself a click and mortar company through the use of ICTs.However, one innovation to the sales representative concept is Maybellines use of its representatives as market intelligence reporters, who actually serve as the eyes of the company to monitor the progress of its products and the way they are handled by the retailers as well as progress of competitors products.This is the trading/sales structure of the company, which cannot be said to be a new business model.

relationships and the media :: essays research papers fc

Reflecting on the past three months, I find that the most interesting topic was those with some shield of relation to romantic relationships. I find these interesting because I am in a romantic relationship and it seems that a lot of previously unfathomable knowledge has been bestowed upon me about these relationships. Romantic relationships involve various aspects such as commitment, intimacy and passion according Julia Wood, the author of Inter psycheal Communication. It is agreeable that a relationship is based on these ideals, but one must inquire, is that all a relationship is based upon? In her definition, Wood seems to leave out two pregnant aspect of a relationship, trust and investment.One thing that Wood states in her writings is that commitment is a pivotal part of a relationship. Commitment is not a feeling, correcting many misconceptions of this thought. Commitment is a decision. It is the choice to remain within the relationship and it links two partners to a futur e. When two people decide to commit, fight is not seen as a time to end the relationship but as a resource to make the relationship stronger by working done their actions. Commitment involves the choice to speak and listen effectively to ones partner. When two people commit, they take responsibility for continuing to invest in and cathexis for their bond (Wood 267-268). With commitment comes challenge. Various items can affect two peoples choice to commit and their future within that commitment. One of these challenges includes distance. With distance two people are not able to share the small events of their day with their partner. Distance disables two people share their ordinary comings and goings that helps relationship stay twist together. Another challenge is unrealistic expectations for time together. Partners who are distant tend to expect each moment that they spend together to be perfect. They believe that conflict should be avoided and that they should be joyfully fo cused on their partner not realizing that conflict no matter what pillowcase of relationship is inevitable. Another challenge with this type of relationship is unequal effort that the two partners invest to make and maintain their connection. One of the main reasons distant relationships do not work is because one person feels as if they are doing all of the work to keep the relationship solid and ongoing. (Wood, 407)I call these challenges because they can be overcome.

Dantes Inferno: The Theme of Anti-love in Canto XXVIII Essay -- Canto

Dantes Divine Comedy is a multi-layered epic, containing not only a fiction about his incredibly difficult journey from earth to the depths of hell then up to the peaks of heaven, but it also contains many insights on theology, politics, and even his own life. at sea into three canticlesInferno, Purgatorio, and Paradisothe work is written in the terza rima form. In Infernoin 33 CantosDante makes a vast journey through the nine circles of hell. In the one-eighth Circle (specifically, the Ninth Pouch), Dante meets with those who were, when alive, the sowers of dissension (Inf. XXVIII.35-36). Dante encounters a myriad of characters in many realms of interest, including theological and political figures.This Canto adequately flows in the context of the rest of the work, but in order to understand why, the general trend of Inferno must be pointed out. The Bible states, Whoever does not love does not know God, because God is love (1 tin can 48, NIV). As Dante descends deeper into the realm of hell, he becomes closer to the center of the earth and farther away from God, or farther away from love. Each step down is a progressive step away from God. With Limbo, there are people who would love Christ if he existed in the Second Circle, people are punished for love as a sin. But descend further, in the Eighth Circle, love is almost gone, for there are people who sin out of hate. regular(a) in pouch one (where seducers reside), the love of person is still there. In pouch nine, the subject of Canto XXVIII, the people are sowers of schism and the scandaloushaters of someone else. At this point, Dante and his guide Virgil have essentially trekked the entirety of hell, as they are currently in the eighth of nine circles and the second to last... ...l of Achitophel, one of Davids advisors. The main contrast between Bertran and Achitophel is that, while Bertran won, Achitophel lost. The punishment of Bertran is a worthy one he is beheaded. The father is always seen as the head of the household, and when performing the holy cross by and by prayers, the head always represents the Father. By having Bertran beheaded, it symbolizes the separation between Father and son (The Godhead separated from the body of the Son). The theme of anti-love is prominent in this Canto, as by this point, Dante is already so close to the end of hell that love seems non-existent. From this trend, there is one thing to learn love God with all of your heart, as this leave behind prevent you from being far from Him. If one cannot love God for some reason, at least love others this way, you will at least end up in a better circle of Hell.

big bang theory :: essays research papers

Big Bang Theory We certainly know that our introduction exists, however, this knowledge al whizz has not satisfied mankinds quest for hike understanding. Our curiosity has led us to question our place in this universe and further more, the place of the universe itself. Throughout time we have asked ourselves these questions How did our universe begin? How old(a) is our universe? How did matter come to exist? Obviously, these atomic number 18 not simple questions and throughout our brief history on this planet much time and lying-in has been spent looking for some clue. Yet, after all this energy has been expended, much of what we know is still only speculation. Yet in 1927 a man by the name of Georges Lemaitre from Belgium proposed that the universe began with a bang. He proposed that a primeval atom exploded and that is how the universe formed itself. His proposal came after observing the red remove in distant nebulas by astronomers to a model of the universe based on relativ ity. Before I was enrolled in Survey of Astronomy I wasnt sure what to believe. But after sitting through the class I started to realize that all the pieces are starting to fit together like, why the galaxies are increasing in velocity away from us and also explaining the cosmic background radiation. About 15 billion years ago a dangerous explosion started the expansion of the universe. This explosion is known as the Big Bang. At the point of this eccentric all of the matter and energy of space was contained at one point. What existed prior to this event is completely unknown and is a matter of pure speculation. This occurrence was not a conventional explosion but rather an event filling all of space with all of the particles of the embryonic universe rushing away from each other. The Big Bang actually consisted of an explosion of space in spite of appearance itself unlike an explosion of a bomb were fragments are thrown outward. The galaxies were not all clumped together, but ra ther the Big Bang lay the foundations for the universe. Even more recently, NASAs COBE satellite was able to detect cosmic microwaves emanating from the outer reaches of the universe. These microwaves were remarkably uniform which illustrated the beginning of the early stages of the universe. However, the satellite also discovered that as the universe began to cool and was still expanding, small fluctuations began to exist due to temperature differences.

Vlad Dracula :: essays research papers

Yes, there was a real Dracula, and he was a true prince of darkness. He was Prince Vlad III Dracula, to a fault cognize as Vlad Tepes, meaning "Vlad the Impaler." The Turks called him Kaziglu Bey, or "the Impaler Prince." He was the prince of Walachia, but, as legend suggests, he was innate(p) in Transylvania, which at that time was ruled by Hungary. Walachia was founded in 1290 by a Transylvanian named Radu Negru, or Rudolph the Black. It was dominated by Hungary until 1330, when it became independent. The first ruler of the new country was Prince Basarab the Great (1310-1352), an ancestor of Dracula. Draculas grand bring, Prince Mircea the Old, reigned from 1386 to 1418. He participated in one in any case many losing battles against the Turks and was forced to pay tribute to them. He and his descendants continued to rule Walachia, but as vassals of the Ottoman empire. The throne of Walachia was not necessarily passed from father to son. The prince, or voivode, w as elective by the countrys boyars, or land-owning nobles. This caused fighting among family members, assassinations, and other unpleasantness. Eventually the House of Basarab was split into two factions - Mirceas descendants, and the descendants of another prince named Dan. Dans descendants were called the Danesti. Mircea had an illegitimate son, Vlad, innate(p) around 1390, who was improve in Hungary and Germany. Vlad served as a page for King Sigismund of Hungary, who became the Holy Roman Emperor in 1410. Sigismund founded a secret fraternal prepare of knights called the Order of the tophus to uphold Christianity and defend the empire against Turkey. Because of his bravery fighting Turks, Vlad was admitted to the Order, probably in 1431. The boyars started to call him Dracul, meaning "dragon." Vlads second son would be known as Dracula, or "son of the dragon." Dracul also meant "devil." So Draculas enemies, especially German Saxons, called him "so n of the devil." Eventually Sigismund made Vlad the military governor of Transylvania, a post he held from 1431 to 1435. During that time he lived in the town of Sighisoara or Schassburg. You can still visit the citadel there and even the house where Vlads son Dracula was born. nowadays theres a eatery on the second floor. Theres also a mural in the house that may depict Vlad Dracul. Young DraculaDracula was born in November or December of 1431. His given name was Vlad.Vlad Dracula essays research papers Yes, there was a real Dracula, and he was a true prince of darkness. He was Prince Vlad III Dracula, also known as Vlad Tepes, meaning "Vlad the Impaler." The Turks called him Kaziglu Bey, or "the Impaler Prince." He was the prince of Walachia, but, as legend suggests, he was born in Transylvania, which at that time was ruled by Hungary. Walachia was founded in 1290 by a Transylvanian named Radu Negru, or Rudolph the Black. It was dominated by Hungary until 1 330, when it became independent. The first ruler of the new country was Prince Basarab the Great (1310-1352), an ancestor of Dracula. Draculas grandfather, Prince Mircea the Old, reigned from 1386 to 1418. He participated in one too many losing battles against the Turks and was forced to pay tribute to them. He and his descendants continued to rule Walachia, but as vassals of the Ottoman empire. The throne of Walachia was not necessarily passed from father to son. The prince, or voivode, was elected by the countrys boyars, or land-owning nobles. This caused fighting among family members, assassinations, and other unpleasantness. Eventually the House of Basarab was split into two factions - Mirceas descendants, and the descendants of another prince named Dan. Dans descendants were called the Danesti. Mircea had an illegitimate son, Vlad, born around 1390, who was educated in Hungary and Germany. Vlad served as a page for King Sigismund of Hungary, who became the Holy Roman Emperor in 1410. Sigismund founded a secret fraternal order of knights called the Order of the Dragon to uphold Christianity and defend the empire against Turkey. Because of his bravery fighting Turks, Vlad was admitted to the Order, probably in 1431. The boyars started to call him Dracul, meaning "dragon." Vlads second son would be known as Dracula, or "son of the dragon." Dracul also meant "devil." So Draculas enemies, especially German Saxons, called him "son of the devil." Eventually Sigismund made Vlad the military governor of Transylvania, a post he held from 1431 to 1435. During that time he lived in the town of Sighisoara or Schassburg. You can still visit the citadel there and even the house where Vlads son Dracula was born. Today theres a restaurant on the second floor. Theres also a mural in the house that may depict Vlad Dracul. Young DraculaDracula was born in November or December of 1431. His given name was Vlad.

Vlad Dracula :: essays research papers

Yes, there was a real Dracula, and he was a true prince of darkness. He was Prince Vlad III Dracula, as well as know as Vlad Tepes, meaning "Vlad the Impaler." The Turks called him Kaziglu Bey, or "the Impaler Prince." He was the prince of Walachia, but, as legend suggests, he was natural in Transylvania, which at that time was ruled by Hungary. Walachia was founded in 1290 by a Transylvanian named Radu Negru, or Rudolph the Black. It was dominated by Hungary until 1330, when it became independent. The first ruler of the new country was Prince Basarab the Great (1310-1352), an ancestor of Dracula. Draculas grand have, Prince Mircea the Old, reigned from 1386 to 1418. He participated in one overly many losing battles against the Turks and was oblige to pay tribute to them. He and his descendants continued to rule Walachia, but as vassals of the Ottoman empire. The throne of Walachia was not necessarily passed from father to son. The prince, or voivode, was elect by the countrys boyars, or land-owning nobles. This caused fighting among family members, assassinations, and other unpleasantness. Eventually the House of Basarab was split into two factions - Mirceas descendants, and the descendants of another prince named Dan. Dans descendants were called the Danesti. Mircea had an illegitimate son, Vlad, innate(p) around 1390, who was better in Hungary and Germany. Vlad served as a page for King Sigismund of Hungary, who became the Holy Roman Emperor in 1410. Sigismund founded a secret fraternal ordain of knights called the Order of the calculus to uphold Christianity and defend the empire against Turkey. Because of his bravery fighting Turks, Vlad was admitted to the Order, probably in 1431. The boyars started to call him Dracul, meaning "dragon." Vlads second son would be known as Dracula, or "son of the dragon." Dracul also meant "devil." So Draculas enemies, especially German Saxons, called him "son of the devi l." Eventually Sigismund made Vlad the military governor of Transylvania, a post he held from 1431 to 1435. During that time he lived in the town of Sighisoara or Schassburg. You can still visit the citadel there and even the house where Vlads son Dracula was born. today theres a eating house on the second floor. Theres also a mural in the house that may depict Vlad Dracul. Young DraculaDracula was born in November or December of 1431. His given name was Vlad.Vlad Dracula essays research papers Yes, there was a real Dracula, and he was a true prince of darkness. He was Prince Vlad III Dracula, also known as Vlad Tepes, meaning "Vlad the Impaler." The Turks called him Kaziglu Bey, or "the Impaler Prince." He was the prince of Walachia, but, as legend suggests, he was born in Transylvania, which at that time was ruled by Hungary. Walachia was founded in 1290 by a Transylvanian named Radu Negru, or Rudolph the Black. It was dominated by Hungary until 1330, when it became independent. The first ruler of the new country was Prince Basarab the Great (1310-1352), an ancestor of Dracula. Draculas grandfather, Prince Mircea the Old, reigned from 1386 to 1418. He participated in one too many losing battles against the Turks and was forced to pay tribute to them. He and his descendants continued to rule Walachia, but as vassals of the Ottoman empire. The throne of Walachia was not necessarily passed from father to son. The prince, or voivode, was elected by the countrys boyars, or land-owning nobles. This caused fighting among family members, assassinations, and other unpleasantness. Eventually the House of Basarab was split into two factions - Mirceas descendants, and the descendants of another prince named Dan. Dans descendants were called the Danesti. Mircea had an illegitimate son, Vlad, born around 1390, who was educated in Hungary and Germany. Vlad served as a page for King Sigismund of Hungary, who became the Holy Roman Emperor in 1410. Si gismund founded a secret fraternal order of knights called the Order of the Dragon to uphold Christianity and defend the empire against Turkey. Because of his bravery fighting Turks, Vlad was admitted to the Order, probably in 1431. The boyars started to call him Dracul, meaning "dragon." Vlads second son would be known as Dracula, or "son of the dragon." Dracul also meant "devil." So Draculas enemies, especially German Saxons, called him "son of the devil." Eventually Sigismund made Vlad the military governor of Transylvania, a post he held from 1431 to 1435. During that time he lived in the town of Sighisoara or Schassburg. You can still visit the citadel there and even the house where Vlads son Dracula was born. Today theres a restaurant on the second floor. Theres also a mural in the house that may depict Vlad Dracul. Young DraculaDracula was born in November or December of 1431. His given name was Vlad.

King Lear †Denial, Rage, and Isolation

Throughout Shakespeares profligacy, superpower Lear, the audience is subject to differing emotions and sentiments for the main character. The changes in King Lears demeanor, state of mind and even beliefs throughout the play are constantly changing and subject to so many different factors that the audience nookienot help but be swept up in the transformations. The contradictions and inconsistencies in the play have frustrated some and intrigued others. (Lynch, 2007) Despite this, King Lear continues to stand as one of the greatest literary pieces to have been written up to this very(prenominal) day.The aim of this essay is to examine the transformation in King Lears demeanor and person throughout the course of the second act. It is here where the audience can find a seemingly assorted array of emotions as caused by the unexpected circumstances faced by the king. It is this essays purpose to sterilise and discuss the transition of the king from denial to rage and past to complet e isolation all of which occurred within the span of a single act. The events, characters and development that transpires in the said act will be used as instruments to analyze the kings steady transition in character.In Lears first fashion during the second act, he finds one of his servants in the stocks. His disbelief at discovering that someone could treat one of his own so badly is compounded by his husking that it was in fact Regan, his daughter, who ordered it done. This is the onset of Lears phase of denial. It is unbelievable to him that his own daughter would show disrespect for him in such a path as evidenced by the following linesKing LearWhats he that hath so much thy place mistook to set thee here?Kent It is both he and she Your son and daughter.King Lear No.Kent Yes.King Lear No, I say.Kent I say, yea. No, no, they would not.Kent Yes, they have.King Lear By Jupiter, I swear, no. (Shakespeare, 1986)The kings continuous refusal to Kents assertions is a clear indicator of his denial of the truth.King Lears denial is evince even more with the news that his daughter and son-in law refuse to talk to him even upon his request. This was unheard of to the king and despite the obvious, he denies himself the realization that his daughter has betrayed him. His nomenclature show this denial clearly when he exclaims, Deny to speak with me? They are sick? They are weary? They have travelld all the night? Mere fetches The images of drive back and flying off. Fetch me a better answer. (Shakespeare, 1986)The kings phase of denial turns to anger, however, when Regan comes to talk to him. She stresses Lears impotence as a leader and arrive with her continuous repetition of his being old as seen in Regans comment, O, sir, you are old. Nature in you stands on the very verge Of her confine you should be ruled and led. (Shakespeare, 1986) She also says he is weak and tries to convince him to return to Goneril and stay there.This reaction to the kings arrival as w ell as the in the first place incident of finding his servant in the stocks fuels King Lears rage. This is seen with his exclamation of curses on Goneril, who maltreated him during the first act of the play.King Lear Never, Regan She hath abated me of half my train Lookd black upon me infatuated me with her tongue, Most serpent-like, upon the very heart All the stored vengeances of heaven fall On her ingrateful top Strike her young bones, You taking airs, with lamenessCornwall Fie, sir, fieKing Lear You nimble lightnings, wink your blinding flames Into her scornful eyes Infect her beauty, You fen-suckd fogs, drawn by the powerful sun, To fall and blast her pride (Shakespeare, 1986)Despite the many words of protest from Regan, the king continues to decant out his anger for his other daughter not knowing that Regan is in fact of like mind as Goneril and is already awaiting the latters arrival.Anger turns to isolation, however, when King Lear is confronted by both Regan and Goneril , who has just arrived. It is now clear to Lear that the two have betrayed him. They abuse their newfound power by requiring him to give up half of his knights, which was then lessened until it was required that he give up all of his knights. (Dominic, 1997) Unless he agreed, he would not be allowed to stay with them. This indicated Lears complete loss of warrant as king and also as father to both his daughters.When the two daughters become of one mind in their demands from their father, King Lear is isolated emotionally and in power. He can no longer fight the demands of his daughters as he has bequeathed all he had to them and as such is empty-handed by himself. Also, the demand of onanism of all his knights indicates a future isolation even if the king does agree to the conditions of his daughters. He is isolated from them because of their betrayal and agreeing to their demands will yield only a behavior of another kind of isolation, isolation from those loyal to him.The phase of isolation is final when the king runs out into the storm. Instead of looking for him, the two daughters order the door to be shut, leaving their father to fend for himself in the dark rainy night. Thus the transition from denial to rage and finally to isolation is made complete in the setting of the second act.ReferencesDominic, C. C. (1997). Shakespeares characters for students. Detroit Gale PublishersLynch, J. (2007). Classics revisited the brutal power of King Lear difficult and sadistic, the play still fascinates, especially in dark days.Los Angeles Times, p.E.1. Retrieved 14 January 2008 from Los Angeles TimesdatabaseShakespeare, W. (1986). King Lear. William Shakespeare the Tragedies, the Poems. Ed. seat D. Wilson. Cambridge Cambridge UP

Australian Standard 3.2.3 for Food Premises and Equipment Essay

In Australia, premises where restaurants, bars etc are to be established fox to adhere roughly standards. These standards have been developed by the Australia New Zealand Food Authority ANZFA in collaboration and consultation with both the State and Territory health authorities, the other evoke institutions, the forage industry and general public. For establishing a restaurant cum bar, one has to follow the rules and regulations set out in the standard 3. 2. 3 Food set forth and Equipment.It is to be noted that new standards mirror international best practice on designing and establishing a restaurant cum bar. These standards have become obligatory with effect from February 2001 in Australia. The main objective of the standard 3. 2. 3 is mainly to train sure that the layout of the premises lessens the chances for fodder contamination. It is the duty of the food art to make sure that the food premises ,fittings ,fixtures , transport vehicles , equipment are designed in such a way that it is constructed to be cleaned and , wherever essential , sanitised.Further, food business moldiness make sure that the premises are offered with the need gains of waste disposal, water, ventilation, light, cleaning and personal hygiene facilities, storage space and detached vex to toilets. The design and construction of food premises should consist the pastime ? It should be suitable for the activities for which the grammatical construction or premise is employed. ? It should contain enough space for the activities to be carried out on the food premises and for the equipment, furniture and fittings employed for the food activities. ? The food premises should be kept clean and if essential , it should be sanitised and? It should try to avoid the following ? Should avoid dust, dirty, smoke, fumes and other contaminants. ? Not to allow the entry of pests and ? Not to act as breeding designs for pests. It is to be noted that if a food business operate without licen ce or without an accredited food safety program, then it will be liable to fined for molar concentration units wherein a penalty unit equal to Australian $ 75. The following assumptions have been made for this research essay. a) The toilet facilities comply with the relevant building and plumbing statute and the position of the facilities is located as detailed in the plans.b) There is a common bulk waste and recyclables storage area in the on the ground floor of a multi-level shopping complex where the proposed restaurant cum bar is to be located. c) The proposed premise meets all town planning requirements and that an application is not required under the Integrated Planning Act 1997. Steps to be perused before making an application for the approval of design and plan It should be noted that applicant should prior to undertake any commencement of work on his proposed food premises he should first take approval from the Councils health services.The application should include two copies of plan and design for the proposed restaurant cum bar. The plans must adhere to a scale of not less than 1100 and must include the following- o Particulars of the proposed layout of the restaurant cum bar exhibiting the position of all benches, equipment, appliances, fixtures and counters. o Details of specification which should list all material to be employed , finishes to floors , ceiling ,walls ,work benches ,cupboards and descriptions /details of all equipments to be employed including the model number and the manufacturers name wherever applicable.o Details regarding the types of food involved the specifications if work to be carried out in each area and the total number of proposed employees. o Particulars of capacity of the hot water service which includes the service rating. o Where mechanical ventilation is demanded , additional plans must be forwarded which include A full dimensional drawing exhibiting front and end elevation. Details relating to the click cap acity, rated motor power and provision for make up air. 2. ASSESSING THE APPLICATION AND PLANS? It is to be noted that all construction techniques and methods are to be in compliance with the building code of Australia 2005/2006 VOL 1, and should adhere all Australian standards and council building guidelines. ? The walls should be of an approved smooth flat impervious material and finished in light sinister washable glass paint. ? Ceiling to be of an approved smooth non-absorbant imperious material and finished in light coloured glass paint. ? Floors, ceilings and walls should be free from any cracks or crevaces. ? All fittings fixed to the walls shall be sealed with an approved sealant.? Bench tops should be 1. 2 mm s/s bonded to 18mm seal ply backing and painted underside with white glass enamel. ? All ducts ,pipes , electrical wirings and like fittings not concealed in walls shall be mounted on brackets with a minimum 25 millimetres clearance from walls and 150 millimetres cle arance from the floor. ? If no approval for a mechanical ventilation system is given separately, then food premises should have only equipment not requiring a mechanical exhaust ventilation system which complies with AS1668.21991, which is permitted within the food premises. ? The food premises should have adequate artificial or natural lighting, Light fittings shall be recessed or flush mounted and fitted with a c over or diffuser and constructed to resist contamination of food with dust, dirt or other falling matter. ? The food premises should have coving with a minimum radius of 25 millimetres and continued up all fixtures, walls and plinths for not less than 70millimetres. The coving shall be an integral part of the floor surface.? The food premises should have wheels or castors on all heavy equipment over 16 kilograms to permit easy movement for cleaning of the floor area ? Premises should have impervious barrier, at least 300mm in height in between the double bowl sink and ha nd washbasin provided within the front area. ? Food premises should be effectively offer pest proof. The following table will help to analyse the significant factors that have to be considered while assessing the application and plans in the case of a new restaurant cum bar.

Movie Analysis: A Walk to Remember Essay

A Walk To Remember is a romantic pictorial matter based on a novel by Nicholas Sparks. It is a 2002 Warner Bros film which starred the 90s pop singer Mandy Moore as the demure, religious, and bookish Jamie Sullivan and punk rock histrion Shane West as the popular however rebellious Landon Carter. Directed by Adam Shankman, the story is set in the sm each(prenominal) town of Beaufort, North Carolina.Landon and his retinue of hooligans have an initiation ritual which, as usual, involved some defiance of authority. One night, after drinking, Landon and his clique trespassed in a cement f promptory and stubborn to jump into a pond only in their underwear. While doing their inanities, one of their friends got hurt from jumping off from the cement apparatus. They panicked and got the attention of the security sentry go so they decided to run away. All of them were able to escape except Landon and his friend who was still unconsciously lying beside the pond. Because hes still a minor, hes punishment was doing after-school community service and participating in a school play.Joining the school play got him involved with Jamie Sullivan, the rarefieds daughter who had nothing in common with him. Jamie was dedicated in everything she does and excelled in school. Because of her Baptist upbringing, she often wears the same old and loose sweater and that created an impression of homosexualism from separates. This usual faade of hers made Landon cold and distant from her. At first, he was only using Jamie to help him memorize the lines in the play. But as he spent more time with her, he discovered the real Jamie and realized that shes far from the person he thought she was.In the final act of the play, he got astounded by Jamies beauty as she sang Only Hope with her melodic voice. It was the first time she ever saw Jamie alone made up. He got carried away and kissed Jamie even though it was not part of the script. After the play, he tried to be closer to her and to gift up for all the offensive things he said and did. But Jamie just kept pushing him away. Not until Langdons friends publicly humiliated Jamie in school by placing a picture of her head in body of an indecently dressed woman. This embarrassed Jamie so much. Though he k spic-and-span it would ruin his relationshipwith his friends, Landon took Jamies side and defended her. He then gained Jamies trust again and Jamie did not avoid him anymore.Landon continued to do special things for Jamie by taking her to a date, buying a new sweater for her, and taking her to special places. Not long after, he started to develop strong feelings for her, something he did not expect to do. But a heart-breaking secret becomes cognise that puts their relationship to the test, Jamie confessed to Langdon that she had leukemia and had stopped responding to treatments. Despite of this, Langdon still held on with her. He was there when she needed him the most and fulfilled the most important lack in her wish list to get married in the church where her deceased mother similarly got married.The actors Shane West and Mandy Moore have chemistry with each other. Both have depicted their characters well. Mandy Moores voice was an asset in the movie. The part where he sang the Only Hope was the most unforgettable and amazing part she did. Shes also the voice behind most of the soundtracks the movie used such us Cry, Lighthouse, and Someday Well Know. The musical directors have chosen stresss that perfectly fit the scenes in the movie. An spokesperson was the part where Landon danced along with her mother and the song was Mother, we just cant get enough by the New Radicals. The songs are also remarkable that whenever the song Cry is heard, people who have watched would always associate it with the movie. Other soundtracks were also recorded by the Switchfoot band.Another positive thing about the movie is that it did not end with Jamie on the death bed. It just showed Landon watching t he sunset smiling and still believing that Jamie is still with him. Like the air, he couldnt see her, but he could feel her. That created an optimistic ending for the movie.The movie fits all ages. Though it is a romantic film, it is wholesome. Jamie and Landon did not go beyond kissing. It also teaches the audience the square(a) essence of faith, forgiveness, and love. Faith was manifested by Jamie and her experience who did not lose their trust in God despite Jamie having leukemia. Forgiveness was also shown when Shane pardoned his friends whohurt and despised him and his father who left him for another woman. And love was omnipresent all throughout the movie.The reality of death was not a hindrance for Jamie and Landons love for each other it wasnt a reason to lose their faith in God. Indeed, love never fails. Over all, its a must-see movie. Its a movie for those who wants to love what love is, who wants to be in love, and who are already in love and wants to stay in it. Its a timeless movie that would surely make ones heart melt in awe.

Commercialization of Health Care: Good or Bad?

Commercialisation in health c are basically means screen background up private owned hospitals which in acidulate are the ones set on the business ethics of profit. But this does non mean that there is no proper treatment. Its true that the charges are more and in India where there are so many poor raft cannot afford such high charges. The govt hospitals overhaul a lot of people as because the charges are reasonably low and has some fine experienced doctors and not only that these hospitals cover many homespun parts too.But when we compare the facilities, hygenic conditions and hospitality and so certainly private hospitals are ahead. stack from round the globe are choosing India as there medical finis not because of above facilities mentioned but because they are chaeper than opposite commercialised hospitals across the world. For an instance, heart bypass surgery bequeath cost around 6500$ in India whereas it will cost around 30000$ in the US.The thing is that in a count ry like ours where there are poor and rich people side by side, there should also be govt and commercialised hospitals sisde by side with the ultimate goal of proper treatment of patients. In a way good for people who are under the bracket of company insurance. But not effective for those who cannot afford basic medical treatment due to ever increasing costs. People below the poverty line cannot afford to go to a private doctor. Going to a private hospital is beyond their thoughts.Commercialization of Health handle Good or Bad?Commercialisation in health care basically means setting up private owned hospitals which in turn are the ones set on the business ethics of profit. But this does not mean that there is no proper treatment. Its true that the charges are more and in India where there are so many poor people cannot afford such high charges.The govt hospitals draw a lot of people as because the charges are reasonably low and has some fine experienced doctors and not only that th ese hospitals cover many rural parts too. But when we compare the facilities, hygenic conditions and hospitality then certainly private hospitals are ahead.People from round the globe are choosing India as there medical destination not because of above facilities mentioned but because they are chaeper than other commercialised hospitals across the world. For an instance, heart bypass surgery will cost around 6500$ in India whereas it will cost around 30000$ in the US.The thing is that in a country like ours where there are poor and rich people side by side, there should also be govt and commercialised hospitals sisde by side with the ultimate goal of proper treatment of patients.In a way good for people who are under the bracket of company insurance. But not effective for those who cannot afford basic medical treatment due to ever increasing costs. People below the poverty line cannot afford to go to a private doctor. Going to a private hospital is beyond their thoughts.

Difference Between Personnel Manager and Hr Manager Essay

ALTHOUGH both human resource care (HRM) and personnel management focus on people management, if we examine critically, thither are many differences between them. Some are listed belowi) Nature of relations The nature of relations can be seen through two dissimilar perspective views which are Pluralist and Unitarist. There is a clear distinct difference between both because the personnel manager, the focus is much on soulistic where individual interest is more(prenominal) than stem interest. Here, HR manager through a shared vision between management and staff create a embodied vision and mission which are linked to business goals and the fulfillment of mutual interest where the organizations ask are satisfied by tames and subordinates needs are well- instituten care by the organization. Motorola and Seagate are good examples of organizations that belief in this Unitarist ascend which also focuses in team management and sees employees as partners in an organization.Relation o f power and management The distribution of power with personnel manager is centralized where the top management has full authority in decision-making where regular the personnel managers are not even allowed to give ideas or take part in any decision which involves employees. HR manager, on the other hand, has the decentralisation of power where the power between top management is shared with middle and lower management groups.This is known as empowerment because employees play an important office staff together with line and HR managers to make collective and mutual decisions, which can benefit both the management and employees themselves. In fact, HR manager focuses more on TQM approach as part of a team management with the involvement and participation of management and employees with shared power and authority. The nature of management is focused more on bottom-up approach with employees giving feedback to the top management and then the top management gives support to employ ees to achieve mutually agreed goals and objectives.ii) Leadership and management role Personnel manager emphasizes much on leadership style which is very transactional. This style of leadership merely sees the leader as a proletariat-oriented person. This leader focuses more on procedures that must be followed, punishment form non-performance and non-compliance of rules and regulations and put figures and taskaccomplishments ahead of human factors such as personal bonding, interpersonal relationship, trust, understanding, gross profit margin and care. HR managers are the leaders who are transformational. This leadership style encourages business objectives to be shared by both employees and management. Here, leaders only focus more on people-oriented and importance on rules, procedures and regulations are eliminated and replaced withShared visionCorporate culture and missionsTrust and flexibility andHRM needs that integrates business needs.iv) Pay policies and job function Pay policies for personnel manager is merely based on skills and knowledge required for the perspective jobs only. The value is based on the ability to perform the task and duties as per the employment contract requirement only. It does not encourage value-added incentives to be paid out. This is also because the job design is very functional, where the functions are more departmentalized in which each job falls into one functional department. This is merely known as division on labour based on job needs and skill possessions and requirement.For HR manager, the pay is designed to encourage continuous job performance and improvement which is linked to value-added incentives such as gain sharing schemes, group profit sharing and individual incentive plans. The job design is no more functional based but teamwork and cyclical based. HRM creates a new approach towards job design such as job rotation which is inter and intra-departmental based and job enlargement which encourages one potentia l and capable individual to take on more tasks to add value to his/her job and in return enjoy added incentives and benefits.

Being a nursing home administrator Essay

Being a nursing home administrator with in a nursing home, excellent communicating is a necessity. Communication is how deal out providers determine the quality of c be that is given and needed for the patients. By world a nursing home administrator, it is my job to make sure that the HIPPA rules and regulations argon being apply by all employees. By making sure that HIPPA rules and regulations are being upheld, the nursing home is providing quality care to the patients. When a change happens at a nursing home there can be confusion and conflict with every(prenominal)one involved. While following the chain of command can be unyielding and even boring, it is needed to keep the communication process smooth and effective. The chain of command does help reduce the risk of a communication breakdown. If a communication breakdown is developed it can cause commotion in any health care facility which could jeopardize everyone involved. With being the nursing home administrator, the prem ier job that I would need to do is have a full understanding of the new policies and procedures.I would need to know how the policies and procedures were put into place and how exactly this will affect the patients in the nursing home. In social club to do this I would want to speak with the board members so my concerns could be addressed. In order to address these issues I could meet with the board members face to face, use social media, or by electronic communication. There are reinforcements to having traditional face to face meetings. The members are able to see my body language, facial expressions, and hear the tone of my voice while communicating my concerns. With the traditional meetings, it will too allow in the board members to respond to my concerns right a expressive style with a limited amount of interruptions. While there are some advantages to having traditional meetings there are also some disadvantages. One issue could be misinterpretation on some of the availab le cues. Traditional meetings can be expensive and time consuming this is a disadvantage when the time and/or finances are not available. Having a conference by electronic manner is another way to communicate.The biggest advantage to electronic conferencing is the fact that it can be done on a global basis, no matter where a person is everyone can join together. electronic conferences are best when all members dish up at the same time but because its electronic the members can attend conferences at different times but during a certain time frame. With all members attending an electronic conference at the same time is known asthe synchronous method. When members attend conference at different times but within a certain time frame is known as the asynchronous method. The synchronous method allows real time communication and the asynchronous method does communication through emails. The synchronous method is best because it is real time and more effective. Electronic conferences ar e also less expensive and not as time consuming. Electronic conferences can also be recorded so they are available for hereafter use. While emails and phone calls are good forms of communication it is not the best for a conference. Communicating through computers and the internet has become a popular way for health care members.When it is done properly this way of communication can provide clear straight information that is understood by everyone. If it is not used properly, there can be a breakdown in communication and cause some problems. When social media is used properly it can provide many advantages and opportunities. Social media can reach a large amount of people, which means a wide connection within the community. Social media also allows a immense way to support collaboration, better communication, and will also people around the globe to share and generate information. Facilities can also have an identity beyond the name and standard of care through social media. It al so helps health care facilities reach out to the people of the community. A disadvantage of social media has been looked blindly upon by most members of the health care industry.When it comes to a patients privacy, HIPPA rules and regulations require proper procedures to be followed anytime a patients information is released. By being the nursing home administrator my job is to make sure that all of the patients who will be discharged have signed a accept form. The consent form would give our facility permission to release the patients health care information to other facilities with the hope of finding agreement for that patient. HIPPA has very strict rules and guidelines to follow the patients privacy must always be the precedency and always be protected. It is the staff members responsibility to protect a patients information regardless on how the information is being transferred. The staff member can only allow the information to reach who it is meant for and only provide eno ugh information to make proper accommodations for the patient.HIPPA has placed policies and procedures to protect patients information, when these rules are not stringently followed a privacy breach can occur. Also, when the HIPPA rules arenot followed patients information can get misplaced which will result in a patient not receiving proper quality care. It is a health care staff members job to make sure that every patient remains protected at all times. Todays health care industry has many rules and regulations that have to be followed in order to protect the privacy of the patients. It is a facilitys responsibility to follow these rules and regulations to ensure a patients health and well-being. It is a high priority for immediate action to take place if the rules and regulations are not being followed to make sure that the patients are not at any risk.ReferencesSarringhuas, M. M. (Jul/Aug 2011). THE Great turning point Social Medias Role in Bridging Healthcare. Journal of Hela thcare Management, 56(4), 235-244. Du Pre, A. (2005). Communication about health Current Issues and perspectives (2nd ed.). Boston, MA McGraw Hill.

Introduction to Information Systems Security Essay

A LAN, or local area network, is a group of computers ranging from small to large within a single office or building. tribute and devil control has to be robust to secure data, applications, and confidential records. Unauthorized access to the network is a massive security risk for the infrastructure. One manner to shrivel the risk of access is to implement access doors with key cards to only allow authorized personnel. So if there was a breach in security its only limited to select personnel. The workstation domain is where a user fag connect to the business network through the local area network. This can be done by laptops, phones, tablets, and desktops. Each workstation requires a user ID and password. To prevent unauthorized access pass word protection should be enabled.A starchy password should consist of uppercase, lowercase letters and special characters. If a workstation is idle for a certain amount of time there should be automatic harbour lock, which requires the us er to reenter their password for access. Certain user should only have the ability to make changes like downloading and installing something to internet access. This along with an anti-virus program will reduce threats like viruses and malware. So if a virus was present on a workstation it will be removed before it spreads throughout the network. The user domain is the employees who access the organization network and IT infrastructure.There should be a policy in tramp that defines what the employee can do inside the organization. A employee handbook would be beneficial and should list all of the guidelines and procedures. Many smack threats can be avoided by the lack of knowledge and security violations. Reminders like emails and periodic meetings can help employees be more aware about threats and technology updates. If there is a security violation the employee should be under watch and have a meeting with their supervisor. Employees daily usage should also be supervised periodi cally to find any abnormal activity. There also should be warning in place when employees are trying to operate during restricted hours.

Cover Letter for Front Desk Position

nigh(a) XXX, I would like to express my interest in the summer front desk internship offered by (Company Name) This internship would brook me to strike knowledge and experience in the hospitality industry and apply what I have learned end-to-end my collegiate education. Hopefully the internship would lead to a career opportunity as well.I will be graduating may 2006 from the University of Florida with a Bachelors of Science Degree in Management with a Minor in Entrepreneurship. This position is a one that I believe I would excel at. Not only am I self motivated and eager to succeed, but I in like manner work well in groups and have effective communication skills. This was noted in my Organizational Structures and Behavior Management course when I was awarded for outstanding group presentation.This enthusiasm for success and team player attitude will allow me to continuously strive to work with others to better serve customers and complete daily tasks during the front desk inte rnship. Past experience in the retail industry as a sales associate at Academy Sports and Outdoors has also equipped me with quality customer service skills that can also be applied to the front desk internship. I am an excellent listener and problem solver, which enables me to adapt to changing and challenging situations.My organizational skills also allow me to multitask and manage my time effectively when performing daily tasks and meeting deadlines. I hope that you will see to it me for the summer front desk internship. My skills and capabilities acquired in previous work experiences and education would benefit both you and me if I gained this internship. cover is a copy of my resume for you review. I would appreciate the opportunity and look forward to hearing from you. Sincerely, (Your Name) bourne

Consumer Behavior Ritz

Ritz already had a major presence In the cracker aisle, provided to give away this new product being old as a stoppage, they had to decide If they should move their product amongst other direct chip competitors. The salty snack part of the store contains mainly all the chips products, nuts and so forth But as mentioned in the video, it is difficult to put just a single product in a section of a store where Ritz did not already have a presence. So holding it next to the crackers ensured they would bring a strong presence in supporting their new product, as well as making it packaged in a infrastructure quite a than a stripe to represent a different product. ) How did language affect the marketing of the new Ritz run away? The new Ritz Chip language affected marketing because they had to make sure the characteristics of the new product would attain the qualities of a chip and the flavor of Ritz. Therefore, the packaging and product had to communicate the product effectively to consumers what Ritz was trying to sell. The big bold wrangling on the bag was also another way to communicate the intentions of their new product extension. 5) Do you spirit it was a wise decision for Ritz Chips to be in placed in the cracker aisle rather than in the salty snack aisle of the grocery store with the other chips?Explain. Yes, people tend to lack bell ringers that have a few items taking up little bit of shelf dummy. It hints that the product does not sell well or doesnt have many varieties to offer. The competitors like Lays, Gunship, etc. Take whole sections of space in the aisle and dominate all the other brands that have a handful of products, which usually argon overlooked by consumers when they are shopping. Not to mention seeing the word RITZ on a bag that is boxy next to Lays potato chips will make the person think, l dont want crackers.However, if I am In the cracker aisle and see their toasted chips next to crackers, the product will look to a greater ex tent chip-Like In comparison. 6) Discuss the differences that exist between the cracker Image and the chip Image as It relates to brand extension. How does this affect a products marketing strategy? Crackers towards older people tend to be savourless in flavor, eaten with soup when it gets stale, consumed when one is sick, etc. While chips are more youthful, kids are always shown in commercials eating them as well as more active adults associated with mummer, more flavor, have a larger variety and the list goes on.So in essence, chips are more fun, youthful, flavor, while Ritz crackers are associated with old people, cold weather, eaten when sick or with soup, basically not the most fun feel- good item one fuel purchase. The marketing strategy would have to use the brand power and reliability of Ritz, but offer a different younger, flavor product showing its a product that is capturing the qualities of chips besides Just the taste and texture, but the illusion surrounding it.

Aging in Prison

BE THE EVIDENCE PROJECT WHITE PAPER ripening PRISONERS A Crisis In Need of dis go BE THE EVIDENCE PROJECT Be the demonstration You command to See in the bighearted masculine What is Our Mission The mission of the Be the Evidence end is to create cognizance of humankind rights and friendly thoice issues through enquiry, advocacy, and education. Be The Evidence Project activities further dialogue and proceeding on how human rights and mixer jurist so-and-so be realized in e genuinelyday and captain practice. Who We Are The Be the Evidence Project is a collective of glob totallyy conscious researchers, practitioners, educators, indemnity-? makers and advocates, and concerned itizens whose non-? get independent scholarly and creative ventures are designed to send knowledge, values, and skills that will dish mend the psyche and confederation response to critical fond issues and improve thoroughly-? being using any media subject payoff required. What We Do Be the Evidence Project activities that involve research, education, and advocacy provide a vehicle to disseminate expressation to raise critical consciousness and the recognition of psychological sociopolitical contexts in which in evaluators bunghole occur. Trans recoiling society initiative entails transforming ourselves to become be the evidence we want to see in he world. Through confederation in ego or project-? sponsored activities, we merchant ship help promote the achievement of a affectionately just world in which human rights, favorable rightness, and well-? being are realized for all. On a casual basis, the lived mankind of being the evidence challenges individuals everywhere to look inside themselves to identify and eradicate oppressive attitudes, themes, and practices towards self and some others. Founder and Executive Director Tina Maschi, PhD, LCSW, ACSW Coordinator of Projects Samantha L. Sutfin, MSW Current Active Projects age and Criminal justness Pr oject (ACJP) arts for Change Project (ACP) Qualitative and Mixed Methods Collective (QMMC) Moving Stories Project (MSP) For more(prenominal) information or to get mired in any projects visit our Be The Evidence Website CONTACT INFORMATION Be the Evidence Project 113 West 60th Street, 7th Floor young York, New York 10023 Email telecommunicateprotected edu strait (914) 367-? 3105/201-? 218-? 5064 2 almost the etiolated piece On Saturday, October 8, 2011, Fordham University Graduate teach of well-disposed run, Be the Evidence Project hosted a forum to upchuck a face and a name to this rapidly ontogenesis human rights and social justice issue the ageing prison house house houseer crisis. For example, prisoners, aged 50 and sure-enough(a), omprise approximately 10 percent of the everywhereall prison macrocosm and had increase tenf antiquated since 1990. Similar berths are note inter nationally, including Canada and England. The national and worldwide correction al occupy governing body, which was not designed to function as long-? term wellness misgiving facility, is ill prepared to wrap up sure-enough(a) prisoners complex physical and psychic wellness sorb ups, while in prison and post prison re-? entry and union reintegration. This situation all the way needfully a accommodative and collaborative effort among researchers, practitioners, policymakers, and residential district members to craft and implement an effective esponse. International experts came to join us in speaking out about the crisis of maturation prisoners for this historic event at Fordham University The purpose of this bond-? up vacuous subject was to bring together a group of scholars and practitioners (who gave generously of their sequence) to contribute their work so that keystakeh honest-to-gods and the habitual common can become more aware of the crisis that is occurring in prisons around the world. edit by Maschi, Morrissey, Immarigeon, and Sutf in, the W withdrawe Paper accommodates nationally and internationally known experts presented research and best practices on topics cerebrate to ripened adults involved n the vicious justice system (especially prison), age specific correctional programming, elder and family justice, and wrong justice policy reform. This white composing was purposely made avail subject as a throw overboard and macrocosm document so that any professional, organization, or concerned citizen can use this information to help toss world awareness of the crisis related to ripening prisoners. It also provides recommendation on what we all can do about it, which includes to improve policy and practice with old adults in the turn justice system. Please tint free to jot the Be the Evidence Project if you would like to become more involved n this project at emailprotected edu or emailprotected edu. We also invite your feedback about the White Paper and our ongoing projects. Edited by Tina Maschi, PhD, LCSW bloody shame Beth Morrissey, PhD, MPH, JD Russ Immarigeon, MSW Samantha L. Sutfin, MSW Published February 8, 2012 Suggested APA citation Maschi, T. , Morrissey, M. B. , Immarigeon, R. , & Sutfin, S. (2012). maturement Prisoners A Crisis in Need of discussion. New York Fordham University Be the Evidence Project. Retrieved from https//sites. google. com/site/betheevidenceproject/white-? musical theme-? aging-? prisoner-? forum 3 BE THE EVIDENCE PROJECT AGING PRISONERS A Crisis InNeed of Intervention TABLE OF CONTENTS dis cut across I INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW Chapter 1 2 Chapter Titles and Authors IntroductionTina Maschi, bloody shame Beth Morrissey Russ Immarigeon, & Samantha Sutfin Visualizing the Aging Prisoner Crisis A abstract Model for Policy and Practice Decision Making and ActionTina Maschi & bloody shame Beth Morrissey Executive Summary and RecommendationsRuss Immarigeon Page 5 13 3 21 29 30 vary II PUBLIC HEALTH, MENTAL HEALTH, PALLIATIVE AND END-? OF-? L IFE CARE ISSUES 4 Developing honourable and mitigatory Responses to Suffering Among Seriously Ill Aging Prisoners Content compendium Implications and Action StepsMaryBeth Morrissey, Tina Maschi, and Junghee Han Forget Me not Dementia in Prisons Tina Maschi, Jung Kwak, Eujung Ko & Mary Beth Morrissey trauma and assay among Older Adults in the Criminal judge arrangement A Review of the Literature with Implications for fond transactionTina Maschi Age, Cumulative Trauma, Stressful Life Events, and Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms among Older Adults in Prison Tina Maschi and Deborah Courtney Substance Use and Older Adults in the Criminal Justice SystemKeith Morgen accepted Grit A Structured Living Program for Older Adults in PrisonMary T. Harrison, 4 5 6 38 39 7 8 9 44 49 57 Karen Kopera-Frye and William O.Harrison PART III CRIMINAL JUSTICE POLICIES AND PRACTICES 10 11 Criminal Sentencing Policy revitalize and Aging Prison PopulationsKathleen Auerhahn Doing Hard Time Issues and Challenges Facing Older Women in PrisonAzrini Wahidin Another bury Population residential area Reintegration for Older Adults Leaving PrisonMargaret E. Leigey Disproportionate Minority make water-to doe with in the American Juvenile Justice System Implications for Older Adults in Prisons? Susan McCarter Advocacy, sr. Prisoners, and Mass ImprisonmentRuss Immarigeon Its yet About Time Aging Prisoners, Increasing Costs, & Geriatric ReleaseTina Chiu 0 71 83 12 100 13 113 14 15 117 123 125 126 129 PART IV INTERDISCIPLINARY COLLABORATION AND community of interests PARTNERSHIPS 16 17 Social Work and Older Inmates NASW Position PaperMelvin Wilson Personal & Professional Contact Patterns among Older Adults in Prison Interdisciplinary Practice ImplicationsMary Beth Morrissey, Samantha Sutfin, and Tina Maschi Interdisciplinary Collaboration Practices with Older Adults in the Community Implications for Prison and Community CorrectionsTina Maschi, Mary Beth Morrissey, Samantha Sutfin, and Manoj Pardasani The Viewing Room Films about Older Adults in PrisonRebecca Ackerman 8 134 Appendix 143 ABOUT THE BE THE EVIDENCE PROJECT Be the Evidence Project is a non-profit independent scholarly and creative venture designed to disseminate knowledge, values, and skills that will help improve the individual and community response to critical social issues and improve well-being using any media means requirement. For more information or to get involved in any projects, please dawn emailprotected com or emailprotected edu or visit https//sites. google. om/site/betheevidenceproject/ Be the Evidence You Want to See in the World 5 6 PART I Introduction and everywhereview 7 CHAPTER 1 Aging Prisoners A Crisis in Need of Intervention INTRODUCTION By Tina Maschi, Mary Beth Morrissey, Russ Immarigeon, and Samantha L. Sutfin Introduction The Aging Prisoners Forum On October 8, 2011, Fordham Universitys Graduate School of Social returns Be the Evidence Project hosted an academic-activist -practitioner forum authorize Aging Prisoners A Crisis in Need of Intervention.As a host for this forum, the Fordham University Graduate School of Social Service is distinguished by its mission to promote human rights and social justice globally through the forwarding of economic, political, social, physical, mental, spiritual, and educational well-being. The Be the Evidence Project, which fosters earthly concern awareness through educational programs and campaigns, is designed to help achieve this mission.Consistent with the mission of the Fordham University Graduate School of Social Service, the purpose of the forum was to Promote human rights and social justice and well-being for aging prisoners Increase public awareness of the aging prisoner crisis Help foster an international and interdisciplinary response to aging prisoners Unveil an interdisciplinary pretending for describing and responding to public wellness-social problems such as aging prisoners for use in interdi sciplinary prevention and intervention (Maschi & Morrissey, 2011). The event, organized by Drs.Tina Maschi and Mary Beth Morrissey of the Fordham University Graduate School of Social Service, gave internationally-known scholars and practitioners eon to present their work to an audience of over 150 national, topical anaesthetic, community, 8 and university members. Program co-sponsors and community fragmentners were the Collaborative for moderating Care for Westchester and NYS Southern Region, the Public wellness Association of New York City, and the National transcription of Forensic Social Workers. Special thanks are extended to our expert presenters and discussants, which included Drs.Azrini Wahidin and Ronald Aday. Fordham University students, including Maryann Hom, Samantha Sutfin, Tanneh Wreh, Rebecca Ackerman, as well as galore(postnominal) other Fordham students and community volunteers, particularly from the Public Health Association of New York City, volunteered in th e planning and implementation of this event which was staged seamlessly. The White Paper- Aging Prisoners A Crisis in Need of Intervention This follow-up White Paper, Aging Prisoners A Crisis in Need of Intervention is a tribute to and core of the October 8th forum.Its publication is well-timed in light of the recently released homosexual Rights Watch (2012) report, Old tail end Bars. We chose to self-publish this White Paper in order to make it readily available to key stakeh cureds and the general public. As the White Paper editors, we hope that these contributions of top scholars and practitioners across the globe will provide readers with many of the necessary withalls and information that can be utilise to begin to call in this growing crisis in both local and international arenas.Its purpose is to increase public awareness and provide information that can be utilise to foster the growing and improvement of services for senior adult offenders at each stage of the crimi nal justice solve, including in prison and upon community reentry. Background to the Problem Americas prison system is rapidly graying. Behind the walls are prisoners with long c visits who will reach old age in prison. The population of previous(a) prisoners aged 50 and above is now five times as large as it was in 1990 and represents about 12% of the 2. 3 million prisoners 9 (Sabol & Couture, cc8).This increase in honest-to-god adult prisoners is not due to a crime surge among older adult offenders, but rather is the resolving of the passage of stricter sentencing laws, such as Three Strikes, Youre Out and Truth-In-Sentencing laws (Aday, 2003). Thus, the adult correctional system is attempting to handle with this rapidly growing older adult prison population in need of specialized semipermanent bearing. Most older adults in prison are men (93%) of whom half (50%) are Caucasian. However, a disproportional number of these aging prisoners are minorities, such as African Ameri cans (32%) and Hispanics (14%) (Sabol & Couture, 2008).As stated throughout the chapters in this volume, older adults in prison have documented physical and mental wellness problems, including frenzy, and histories of trauma and continuing stress. Over 3,000 of these men and women will die each year in prison (throng & Glaze, 2006 Maruschak, 2008 Maschi, Kwak, Ko, & Morrissey, 2012). The correctional system, which was not designed as a wellnesscare facility, is ill-prepared to address the complex bio-psychosocial and long-run health care demand of older adults. Neither is it able to bear the costs, which are triple times higher for older than for younger prisoners (Chiu, 2010 Kinsella, 2004).Many older adults released to the community are disadvantaged by stigma and lack of access to community resources such as Social Security Income (SSI), housing, and medical care (Maschi & Morrissey, 2012). They also vary in their patterns of persistence and desistance from crime and their pathways to prison (Sampson & Laub, 2003). Older adults involved in the criminal justice system are a highly dangerous and neglected population. Currently, there are few professions and communities that can solely and adequately address the involve of this population.Despite the fact that these older adults have committed crimes, some of them heinous, an essential ethical human rights and social justice precept is to 10 respect the inherent dignity and worth of the person (UN, 1948), while at the same time attending to social concerns about public rubber eraser and accountpower. In the following section, older adults in prison describe the common themes of their differing pathways to prison, the stress related to conditions of confinement, and their concerns over prison reentry/community reintegration.These narratives were gathered from a material body of sources, including over 200 open-ended survey responses and garner from a regional research study of older adults in priso n. Pathways to Prison Many older adults identified one or more factors that influence their pathways to prison. These pathways include the influence of interpersonal trauma and/or family violence, neighborhood effects, structural level oppression (especially as it relates to racial discrimination), a register of mental illness and moblessness, and tragic later purport incidents History of Interpersonal Trauma A 57-year old risoner wrote that he perceived that his history of interpersonal trauma influenced why he was in prison. He said, I was sexually assaulted when I was thirteen, I never really trusted anyone later that, attempt to get even when I was a Marine, but it was pyrrhic victory at a ruin cost to me. Family Violence A 50-year old prisoner exposit his history of family violence I was lame when I was younger, my family member beat and molested me. I was tied to the basement poles beaten always told over and over again youre a jail bird just like your father. This was so tightly put into my head it blurred everything I saw. Neighborhood Effects A 50-year old prisoner depict his neighborhood environment during childhood He said, From the sixth grade to the tenth grade I was oblige to survive in the madness of the concrete jungle. 11 Structural Level Oppression A 63-year old prisoner wrote about his experience with structural level oppression that placed him at- fortune and at betting odds with the system The education I received in the black community was different in electrical capacity and context than that of whites. What I learned after 12 years of public education was that I was a problem, inferior, uneducatable, and a victim.We (black men) are on the endangered species list. Mental Health and Homelessness A 52-year old prisoner described his mental health and homelessness as related to his criminal justice betrothal. He stated, I believe my situation is funny for I committed a crime with the intention of get caught because I wa s homeless (I receive from Schizoid Affective Disorder due to a nervous breakdown, loss of job, apartment, car everythingI didnt want to seek shelter at a homeless shelter or church. I was too ashamed and embarrassed to ask for help from my sister and the three friends I have left in the world.In prison, now I am somewhat stable (off meds and mental health roster) and healthy and strong again, and getting better. Later Life Tragic Incident A 62-year old prisoner divided up his story of a later life tragic incident that led to his incarceration He disclosed, I was a very successful father of 3 kids with a wife to this day I absolutely adore. She is still hold for me when I get out. I was a Chief Compliance Officer for a brokerage fashioning over $300,000 a year. One night after a night at the racetrack, I got into an chance event going the wrong way on the highway. I hit a van head on with four passengers.I was hurt bad all the passengers and the driver lived but one was pregn ant and she lost the infantso I was charged with manslaughter and sentenced to prison. 12 Stress and Conditions of Confinement In the sample of over 200 letters, many older prisoners described stress related to the adverse conditions of confinement. Two direct quotes state Its very tough surviving prison. The provoking, the unnecessary discussion, verbal abuse, and violence only add to the original sentence term to be served. Little things begin to add by therefore causing inmates to react in ways with custody staff or fellow prisoners.Overcrowded conditions, poor medical service, lack of interaction with administrative Staff is stammering. It was my first week of incarceration in 1979. I was standing in line in the mess hall along with about 150 other prisonerswhen all of a sudden a man gets stabbed from behind with a sworda 7? foot sword. The man must have been standing because he was slumped over as if he was touching his toeswith the blade through him and the point of the sword stuck in the floor leaving the handle sticking out his back. The kicker was what the officeholder said I thought the esponse would be Everyone on the floorEveryone up against the wall. Instead he yelled for a bed canvas tent and draped it over the slumped body with the impression of the handle topping the sheet to a point. Bewilderment was all over my face as I looked at the dead body 3 feet away from me. I couldnt remember if I thought or blurted out the wordsWhat kind of world is this? The officer looked me right in the eye and said Keep the line moving Againmy rationality kicked inwhitethornbe Im in a different timeIm in spades in different world. I just wish I wasnt. 13 Community Reintegration (Prison Reentry) The promise of community reintegration was often described as a double-edged sword. Many older adults poised to exit prison and return to the community are not well prepared. One prisoner responded You dont need a survey to know you have a lot of men over 50 g etting ready to go home, with no money. No place to stay. And no one trying to understand this part of the problem. I earn $15 a month. I go home in 9 months. I have no family to turn to. I dont want to come back to prison, after insideng 7 years.I am trying to stay positive. I pray. I go to see the psych. For one on one and I try to look on the bright side. But the reality is, when I hit the street I am on my own. Tell me what good your survey will do me or people like me? White Paper Overview In order to address the issues we have noted, this White Paper contains over 15 research briefs and dependable-length articles that are contributions from interdisciplinary scholars and practitioners from across the globe that do the problems and offer recommendations and problem-solving strategies.The major topics addressed about aging prisoners are related to health, trauma/mental health, criminal justice, and interdisciplinary collaboration. The briefs and articles included also help to provide a richer description of the lived experiences of aging prisoners in their social ecological contexts. This ingathering offers readers the opportunity to access a broad- base understanding of how psychosocial and structural issues have influenced the concept of and growth of the aging prisoner population.It also provides practical recommendations for policy and legal reform, program and policy development and improvement, and interdisciplinary practice. 14 Final Note As the editors of this White Paper, we welcome your comments. These comments can be provided via email at emailprotected edu or by joining our Linked-In, Aging Prisoner and Action Forum at http//www. linkedin. com/groups? gid=3892778&home Editors Tina Maschi, PhD, LCSW, ACSW Mary Beth Morrissey, PhD, MPH, JD Russ Immarigeon, MSW Samantha L. Sutfin, MSW References Aday, R. H. (2003). Aging prisoners Crisis in American department of corrections.Westport, CT Praeger. Chiu, T. , (2010). Its about time Aging prison ers, replace magnitude costs, and geriatric release. New York Vera Institute of Justice. James, D. J. , & Glaze, L. E. (2006). Mental health problems of prison and jail inmates. (NCJ Publication No. 213600). Rockville, MD U. S. Department of Justice. Human Rights Watch (2012). Old behind bars. Retrieved January 30, 2012 from http//www. hrw. org/reports/2012/01/27/old-behind-bars Kinsella, C. (2004). Correctional health care costs. Lexington, KY Council of rural area Governments. Maruschak, L. M. (2008). checkup problems of prisoners (NCJ Publication No. 221740). Rockville, MD US Department of Justice. London, England Author. Maschi, T. , Kwak, J. , Ko, E. J. , & Morrissey, M. (2012). Forget me not Dementia in prisons. The Gerontologist. doi 10. 1093/geront/gnr131 Maschi, T. & Morrissey (2011). A social ecology of health and well-being for incarcerated older adults An international process and practice model for recovery and reintegration (unpublished manuscript). Sabol, W. J. , & Couture, H. (2008). Prison inmates at midyear 2007. (NCJ Publication No. 221944, pp. 124. ) Rockville, MD U.S. Department of Justice. United Nations. (1948). The popular Declaration of Human Rights. Retrieved from September 1, 2011 from http//www. un. org/en/documents/udhr/ 15 CHAPTER 2 Visualizing the Aging Prisoner Crisis A Conceptual Model for Policy and Practice Decision Making and Action By Tina Maschi and Mary Beth Morrissey Introduction Aging prisoner narratives, as well as the existing literature in criminology, gerontology, and social work, reveal that older adults involved with the criminal justice system have complex biological, psychological, emotional, social, and legal concerns.In the absence of holistic approaches that address these 2-dimensional needs, the health and well-being of older prisoners may be compromised and their risk of recidivism may be heightened (Human Rights Watch, 2012 James & Glaze, 2006 Kinsella, 2004 Maruschak, 2008 Nunez-Neto, 2008). In this context, individual, social, and structural factors that affect aging prisoners and their life black market theatrical must be aspireed in order to provide effective life course prevention and intervention efforts.Currently, there is a metaphysical breaking in understanding the complexity of the multi-level factors that contribute to this aging prisoner crisis. Interdisciplinary professionals lack a holistic and integrated model that will permit them to deepen their understanding about the psychological, social, and structural issues that inform appropriate interdisciplinary responses to this vulnerable population. In order to address this gap, we have developed a untested intervention model Social Ecology of Health and Well-Being (SEHW) A Process Model for Human chest and Development (Maschi & Morrissey, 2011).Model Overview As shown in Figure 1, this model conceptualizes life course human agency (in the direct center of the model). Life course human agency is a key human ri ghts and social justice 16 construct that spans individual self-determination and social structure. Structural approaches to social problems such as the aging prisoner crisis should be designed in a functional way to help foster health and well-being across the life course. We will describe and apply this model that is well-suited for designing multidimensional assessment, prevention, and ntervention efforts, including those occurring within the context of the current aging prisoner crisis. Figure 1 Social Ecology of Health and Well-Being A Process Model For Human Agency and Development Social Structures and Human Agency In our model, social structures are conceptualized as influencing human agency, including life course criminal justice fight and overall health and well-being. When social structures, including relevant social policies, have the goals of fair and just societal conditions and the full recognition of human rights, individuals can exercise their freedoms in an 17 n ch eckd environment. When social policies, such as correctional criminal justice policies, allow in unfair consequences such as warehousing prisoners until they reach old age or die in prison, they impede individual prisoners right to self-determination. Fostering personal authorisation and development over the life course may enhance capacities for self-actualization and fulfillment, even in the presence of disadvantaging social structures.Older adults in prison, who suffer the loss of personal autonomy as well as multiple other losses and traumas over the life course, may find new pathways to personal growth and resilience, especially as they re-enter society and are integrated as members of their communities (Morrissey, 2011b Maschi & Morrissey, 2011). Historical Time Additional factors that can impede the realization of individuals full potential across the life course include historical time at the individual and collective level.A persons historical time, for example, may incl ude being a victim of trauma (Maschi et al. , 2011 Stojkovic, 2007). Collective historical time may include being part of a times in which many individuals became victims of detrimental policies such as the 1980s when stricter sentencing policies mandated longer prison sentences and resulted in many individuals suffering, growing old, and possibly dying in prison. On the more productive side, collective historical time may also facilitate human agency and development.An example includes the wide-scale adoption of public health and manipulation approaches, such as the growing mental health recovery movement (Maschi & Morrissey, 2011). The implication of using a proactive approach with aging prisoners is that it can lead to the improvement of the overall health and well-being of older adult offenders in prison and in the community. 18 Practice and Stakeholder Contexts Practice and stakeholder contexts also influence individuals life course human agency. These contexts may be found w hen individuals encounter barriers to needed services, such as mental health or housing.These barriers might place an individual, such as an older adult reentering prison from the community, at risk of ongoing homelessness, decompensation, and/or recidivism (Snyder et al. , 2009 Nunez-Neto, 2008). Power Dynamics Power dynamics are perhaps the virtually critical component of our model. Power dynamics manifest themselves at individual and societal levels in the form of intentional or unintentional oppression, lack of awareness, and/or human rights violations, such as in the domains of correspond access to employment, social security, housing, and/ or fair treatment in the criminal justice system.Additionally, structural barriers base on personal characteristics, such as age and race , may subjugate some groups more than others. This status disadvantage may have a cumulative effect over the life course. In the case of aging prisoners, evidence suggests that the disproportionate conf inement of minorities may increase with age (Maschi & Morrissey. 2011). These structural barriers result in disadvantaging subordinate groups when it comes to fairness in the criminal justice system.These subordinate groups may be approximately at risk of receiving longer sentences that necessitates they grow old in prison. Disadvantaged groups, such as individuals sprightliness in poverty or racial minorities who are at a higher risk of long-term incarceration, may be impeded from achieving their full potential and well-being. They also would be more at risk of health-related decline associated with the long-term poor conditions of confinement (Human Rights Watch, 2012 Maschi, Kwak, Ko, & Morrissey, 2012). 19Interdisciplinary Perspectives Our SEHW model describes co-constructed interdisciplinary positionings (e. g. , medical, social work, criminal justice, and public health) that help conceptualize and translate into practice more holistic, global responses, including to the int ernational aging prisoner crisis. Multiple perspectives that can inform an effective response to complex social problems, such as aging prisoners, are maneuver by the following perspectives human rights, social justice and critical conflict theories as well as life course, social ecology, and public health perspectives.Human rights, social justice and critical conflict theories are used to help inform issues of human rights and social justice (Mullaly, 2010 Wronka, 2008), especially as they relate to human rights violations and social injustices that have resulted in social problems, such as the neglect and mistreatment of aging prisoners (Maschi et al. , 2011 Snyder et al. , 2007 Stojkovic, 2007 UN, 1948). The social ecology perspective enables a more holistic view of social problems and recognition of interlocking service systems.In the case of aging prisoners, this perspective allows for the assessment of sequential and/or concurrent service use patterns of individuals throughou t the life course. In the case of sequential service use patterns of older adults in prison, the lack of access to mental health or housing services may have put them at risk for criminal justice involvement. Additionally, an assessment of access to current service use may identify gaps in needed services, such as substance abuse treatment while in prison.The life course perspective is some other key component of the model because it can be used to illuminate the complexities of human agency and how social and structural factors can facilitate or hinder development over the life course, (Elder, 2003). The life course perspective can be integrated with social science theories from criminology, sociology, and psychology and used to 20 condone psychological, social, and criminogenic factors that influence an individuals life course health and well-being and criminal justice involvement (e. . , Sampson & Laub, 2003). The public health perspective complements and builds upon the aforem entioned perspectives by adding a population-based approach for prevention and intervention that focuses on older adults health and well-being and criminal justice involvement (Maschi & Morrissey, 2011). Evidence-Based Practices and Policies Evidence-based practice and policies provide a material that houses these multiple perspectives, and methods to evaluate the effectiveness of practice and policies.Evidence-based practice and policy strategies allow professionals to plan and monitor process and outcomes of interventions, including older adults health and well-being and risk of and/or involvement in the criminal justice system. set and Ethics Personal and professional values and ethics inform all aspects of the model. Values and ethics are essential to any discussion of social problems because appropriate assessment and treatment responses to problems are not value-free.Instead, a process of valuing that is multidimensional involving cognitive, emotional, social, cultural and o ther dimensions is embedded in both personal and professional practices and policies, and in the decision processes of the vulnerable older adults whom we serve (Morrissey, 2011a). Making discussion of values and ethics explicit helps to ensure humane treatment for all persons, in this case aging prisoners, while also balancing societal concerns including public health and safety and offender accountability. Applying the Model In applying the SEHW model to an aging prisoner population, it is outstanding to recognize that 21 risons and communities constitute social environments that have their own unique social ecology that can foster or inhibit the health and well-being of its inhabitants. For example, poor conditions of confinement may inhibit health and well-being of aging prisoners. Adopting evidence-based treatments as an approach or intervention may help to foster change in the ecological environment and promote well-being (Maschi et al. , 2011). As seen in the case of aging p risoners, both the prison and community environments are often lacking in initiatives that promote health and well-being or older ex-offenders are denied access to them.Moreover, for community reintegration or prison reentry programs that serve older ex-offenders must take into account all of these social structural factors in order to be successful. Designing and assessing existing interventions that target the personal, cultural and structural levels factors that contribute to social problems, such as the aging prisoner population should be key components of program design (Maschi & Morrissey 2011 Mullaly, 2010 Nunez-Neto, 2008). This model may be used to understand the larger conceptual picture undergirding the aging of prisoners. References Elder, G. 2003). The emergence and development of life course theory. In J. T. Mortimer & M. J. Shanahan (Eds. ), Handbook of the life course (pp. 3-21). New York Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. Human Rights Watch (2012). Old behind bars. Retrieved January 30, 2012 from http//www. hrw. org/reports/2012/01/27/old-behind-bars James, D. J. , & Glaze, L. E. (2006). Mental health problems of prison and jail inmates. (NCJ Publication No. 213600). Rockville, MD U. S. Department of Justice. Kinsella, C. (2004). Correctional health care costs. Lexington, KY Council of State Governments. Maruschak, L.M. (2008). Medical problems of prisoners (NCJ Publication No. 221740). Rockville, MD US Department of Justice. London, England Author. 22 Maschi, T. , Dennis, K. , Gibson, S. , MacMillan, T. , Sternberg, S. , & Hom, M. (2011). Trauma and stress among older adults in the criminal justice system A review of the literature with implications for social work. diary of gerontological Social Work, 54, 347-360. Maschi, T. , Kwak, J. , Ko, E. J. , & Morrissey, M. (2012). Forget me not Dementia in prisons. The Gerontologist. doi 10. 1093/geront/gnr131 Maschi, T. & Morrissey (2011).A social ecology of health and well-being for incarcerated older adults An international process and practice model for recovery and reintegration (unpublished manuscript). Morrissey, M. B. (2011a). Phenomenology of pain and suffering at the end of life A humanistic perspective in gerontological health and social work. Journal of Social Work in End-ofLife and Palliative Care, 7(1), 14-38. Morrissey, M. B. (2011b). Suffering and decision making among seriously ill elderly women. Doctoral dissertation, Fordham University, New York, NY. Retrieved December 7, 2011 from http//avoserv. ibrary. fordham. edu/login? url=http//search. proquest. com. avoserv. library. f ordham. edu/docview/875564465? accountid=10932 Mullaly, B. (2010). Challenging oppression and confronting privilege (2nd ed. ). New York Oxford University Press. Nunez-Neto, B. (2008). Offender reentry Correctional statistics, reintegration into the community, and recidivism A CRS report for congress. Retrieved fromhttp//lieberman. senate. gov/assets/pdf/crs/offenderreentry. pdf Samps on, R. J. , & Laub, J. H. (2003). Life-course desisters? Trajectories of crime among delinquent boys followed to age 70.Criminology, 41, 555-592. Snyder, C. , van Wormer, K. , Chada, J. , & Jaggers, J. (2009). Older adult inmates The challenges for social work. Social Work, 54, 117124. Stojkovic, S. (2007) Elderly prisoners A growing and forgotten group within correctional systems vulnerable to elder abuse, Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect, 19(3) 97-117. United Nations. (1948). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Retrieved from September 1, 2011 from http//www. un. org/en/documents/udhr/ Wronka, J. (2008). Human rights and social justice Social action and service for the helping and health professions.Thousand Oaks, CA Sage Publications. 23 CHAPTER 3 White Paper Overview and Recommendations By Russ Immarigeon, MSW* Part I Introduction and Overview The articles and briefs in this White Paper on aging prisoners focus on different aspects of older offenders involvement with th e corrections process, jail and prison confinement in particular, as well as their overall health and well-being. This White Paper builds on prior works on aging prisoners by using an interdisciplinary perspective in addressing public health, human rights and social justice issues associated with aging prisoners.Selected topics are covered in the White Paper that address gaps in the literature or build knowledge and delve more deeply into relatively unmapped areas such as trauma, mental health, palliative care, and interdisciplinary practice with older adults in prison. This white paper compliments the existing literature that focuses solely on the criminal justice aspects of aging prisoners. As has been noted in the origin, more or less of these articles and briefs were originally delivered at a Fordham University Aging Prisoner Forum on October 8, 2011.Many of them were presented to an invited roundtable of leading academics, researchers, and practitioners. A number of these aca demics and practitioners agreed to have their work published in this free and available white paper. In releasing these papers to a broader constituency, we hope that they will be able to use the information provided in this volume to foster constructive dialogue about aging prisoners among scholars and practitioners as well as to develop or improve research, practice, and policy with older adults in prison. In our introduction to this collection, Tina Maschi, Mary Beth Morrissey, Russ Immarigeon, and Samantha L.Sutfin highlight the growing crisis of aging prisoners in the 24 United States. Reviewing more than 200 letters from elderly offenders, we describe their pathways to prison, stressful prison conditions, and community reentry experiences. In addition, we note, This collection will provide readers with a broad-based understanding of how psychosocial and structural issues have influenced the creation of and growth of the aging prisoner population. It also provides practical rec ommendations for policy and legal reform, program and policy development and improvement, and interdisciplinary practice strategies. Conceptual Model In the fountain article, social work faculty member and researcher and president-elect of the National Organization of Forensic Social Workers (NOFSW) Tina Maschi, and public health law and social work researcher Mary Beth Morrissey of the Fordham University Graduate School of Social Service offer Social Ecology of Health and Well-Being (SEHW) as a process model for compound our understanding of the psychological, social, and structural issues that inform appropriate interdisciplinary responses to aging offenders.Part II Public Health, Mental Health, and Palliative and End-of-Life Care Issues Seven articles and briefs in this section address the physical and mental health care and end-oflife needs of aging prisoners. Mary Beth Morrissey, Tina Maschi and Junghee Han describe ethical and palliative responses to seriously ill elderly pr isoners, stressing the magnificence of defining the conditions of these prisoners as a public health crisis. Moreover, action steps are necessary that kick in an infusion of palliative care philosophies, therapeutic models of care, training, and practices in settings across the care continuum for aging prisoners. Tina Maschi, Jung Kwak, Eujung Ko, and Mary Beth Morrissey follow with an apt discussion of dementia among older prisoners based on their article published in The Gerontologist. 25 The white paper also addresses the often overlooked issue of trauma among older adults in prison. In a series of short synopses, Tina Maschi and colleagues report on their review 19 journal articles for the Journal of Gerontological Social Work, and findings from their study for The Gerontologist on the relationship between age, trauma, and stressful life events.In the latter, the authors discovered a history of distress- and trauma-related events in the lives of prisoners, many of whom were li kely to be released from prison in due time. It is clear based on these papers that older adults have a high frequency of being victims and/or witnesses to violence. In addition, they have unique stressors related to aging including stress over declining health and being victimized or dying while in prison. Additionally, research results provide preliminary evidence of connections between a history of earlier life trauma and later life mental health symptoms among older adults in prison.In other article, New Jersey psychologist Keith Morgen, currently the Secretary for the International Association of Addictions and Offender Counselors, argues for more research related to substance abuse disorders in older prisoners. According to Morgen, the lack of such research impedes effective treatment and support services for older offenders in prison, on parole, or in reentry. Importantly, Mary T. Harrison, Karen Kopera-Frye, and William O.Harrison offer a lengthy description of True Grit, a Nevada prison-based structured living program that has been in operation successfully for nearly a decade. As the authors note, An important indicator of success is that there has been a zero-percent recidivism rate among the parolees from the True Grit program this far. The sense of community and of working together toward a common goal, coupled with the rehabilitative and bio-psychological aspects of the program have enabled these men to reenter the free world. The collaboration between this Senior 26Structured Living Program, its volunteers, and outside agencies has increased the possibility of difficult placements. Part III Criminal Justice Policies and Practices This next section of the white paper addresses head on criminal justice policies and practices from sentencing to prisoner reentry. The six articles and briefs in this section cover the costs of incarceration, the impact of disproportionate sanctioning, the challenges older prisoners confront in prison as well as dur ing community reintegration, and the context of advocating for aging prisoners.Azrini Wahidin of Queens University in Belfast highlights challenges confronting the management of aging women prisoners health and social care needs, including the need for elder-oriented gender-specific practice guidelines and for increased training of criminal justice personnel. She also recommends the collection of relevant age-specific data, the expansion of programs for older prisoners, and study of the cost of incarcerating older offenders. Kathleen Auerhahn of Temple University assesses the impact of sentencing practices, including mandatory three strikes legislation, on the production of elder prison populations.She notes, Devoting an increasing proportion of scarce carceral resources to housing an ever-growing population of lowrisk individuals undermines the ability to provide protection from those offenders who do threaten public safety. Margaret E. Leigey of The College of New Jersey examines the biological, psychological, and social factors associated with older prisoners reintegrating into communitybased settings. In particular, she reviews the literature on post-release adjustment,, reunification with community networks, access to medical care, securing housing, obtaining employment, recidivism, and programs for older offenders. 7 Tina Chiu of the Vera Institute of Justice reports four factors related to the intent and impact of geriatric release laws political considerations and public opinion define eligibility criteria procedures that discourage prisoners from applying for release and complicated, lengthy referral and review processes. Susan McCarter describes the rippled implications of disproportionate minority contact in the novel justice system for older prisoners. Russ Immarigeon, an editor of Offender Programs Report, provides a historical overview of advocacy efforts affecting older prisoners.He notes, The critical point, in terms of advocating on behalf of elderly offenders or prisoners, including diversion and deinstitutionalization efforts, is more a matter of clear focus than of creating new options. Opportunities exist within current criminal justice and corrections structures to distinguish and deinstitutionalize elderly offenders. We need to focus our attention on this objective. Part IV Interdisciplinary Collaboration and Community Partnerships The final section addresses the often overlooked issue of interdisciplinary collaboration and community partnerships when it comes to addressing the issue of aging prisoners.Three articles and briefs in the final section of this collection address social work and older prisoners, interdisciplinary and collaborative practices, and practice implications that emerge from personal and professional contact patterns within prisons. Melvin Wilson of the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) describes service coordination and other challenges facing those who work with older offende rs in American jails and prisons. Filling a gap in the literature on personal and professional contacts of aging prisoners, Mary Beth Morrissey, Samantha L.Sutfin, and Tina Maschi review data gathered from elderly New Jersey prisoners, finding that medical services, not psychological or social services, were most frequently used, although not always with satisfaction. These authors report, Perhaps the 28 most troubling of findings is that older adults had minimal contact with family members from the community. Given that evidence that family social support is an important aspect of successful coping for older adults in prison, those older adults that do not have the opportunity to have visits or phone contact may place their well-being at risk. Lastly, Tina Maschi, Mary Beth Morrissey, Samantha L. Sutfin, and Manoj Pardasani explore the implications of interdisciplinary collaboration for practice with community-based older offenders. Analyzing standby data from NASWs 2004 National Study of Licensed Social Workers, these authors report that offenders frequently had multiple presenting problems, including chronic disease, grief and bereavement issues, end-of-life and palliative concerns, dementia issues, and caregiver concerns. Interdisciplinary work was common, especially between social workers and health care professionals.Issues and Recommendations In the course of their work, the multiple authors of these articles and briefs make a host of policy, practice, and research recommendations. Key items among them are the following Past and current trauma and stress are highly universal among aging prisoner populations. Older adults in prison with past and current trauma are at risk for adverse mental health problems which may be exacerbated by the prison environment. A phase of age-related mental health problems, such as dementia, are higher among older prisoner populations compared to their community counterparts.There clearly is a need for a more gero-sensit ive, trauma-informed mental health treatment that addresses trauma and stress, and age-related mental health issues, such as dementia. Older male and female prisoners should be dealt with differently. More gender sensitive approaches for male and female incarcerated older adults are warranted. 29 The aging prison population has resulted in mass incarceration. court-ordered reforms should be considered that abate the production of elderly prisoner populations With the increase of aging prisoners, there is a reality that a sizable number will die in prison. Integration of palliative care approaches into prisons and community reentry programs including advance care planning and pain care and management can improve elderly prisoners whole step of life and help to prevent and relieve suffering among seriously ill prisoners. Additionally, the introduction and promotion of shared informed decision making models can improve communication and holistic, coordinated care services in correc tions Older adults in prison often have minimal contact with their family members. Family involvement can improve the well-being of often isolated older prisoners. Therefore, more family programming is needed in corrections for older adults in prison Older adult prisoner have different developmental needs than younger prisoners. More age-specific programming is needed across the United States, such as geriatric care units, including palliative and hospice services Housing older adults in prison is costly.Monitoring, reporting, and evaluation strategies can enhance the safety and sensibility of geriatric release practices and Many elderly male and female prisoners can be deviate or released from prison without undue risk to public safety. Policies such as compassionate release should be adopted and used. Social workers, the authors of many of these articles and briefs agree, have the skills and values necessary for linking the diverse service needs of aging prisoners. 30As a coll ective, these authors offer a forum to further the dialogue concerning aging prisoners health, mental health, and criminal justice issues. A major objective of this volume was to put a name to the face of aging prisoners and underscore the human rights and social justice issues evident in the aging prisoner crisis. The chapters written by well-respected academics and practitioners included in this volume clearly demonstrate that this objective was achieved. *Russ Immarigeon is Editor of Offender Programs Report. 31 PART II PUBLIC HEALTH, MENTAL HEALTH AND PALLIATIVE AND END-OF-LIFE CARE ISSUES 2 CHAPTER 4 Developing Ethical and Palliative Responses to Suffering Among Seriously Ill Aging Prisoners Content Analysis Implications and Action Steps Mary Beth Morrissey, Tina Maschi, and Junghee Han Defining Public Health Problem and its Magnitude Prison heightens the pain and suffering of prisoners aging into their later years absent the social and relational supports of community-dwelling older adults. Overcrowding and marginalized access to appropriate diagnosis, treatment, preventive care, and mental health services, severely limit the health and well-being of aging prisoners.The magnitude and severity of these unacceptable conditions are extravagantly evident in the nations prison systems and oftentimes rise to the level of constitutional violations of prisoners rights, as demonstrated by the recent holding of the US Supreme Court in Brown v Plata (2011) affirming a commence court decision ordering California to release over 40,000 prisoners because of findings of dangerous overcrowding and grossly inadequate provide of medical and mental health care (p. ) that caused needless suffering and death (p. 3) in the states prisons. Older adults in prison are at high risk for co-occurring (substance abuse and mental health) disorders and dementia (Maschi, Kwak, Ko & Morrissey, 2012). About 52% will die of a chronic illness, such as HIV/AIDS, heart and lung disease, a nd dementia (Maschi, Kwak, Ko, & Morrissey, 2012 Carson & Noonan, 2011). The seriousness of such public health problems among aging prisoners is reaching crisis proportions.The population of adults aged 50 and older is a rapidly growing subgroup of the prison population with complex medical needs, chronic illnesses, and disabilities. This public health crisis calls for comprehensive populationbased strategies that focus on prevention, care, 33 education, and research (Institute of Medicine, 2011 Morrissey, Brown-Borg, de Cabo & Silverstein, 2011). The urgency of the care needs of older adults in prison requires interdisciplinary collaborative action to bring relief to their experiences of pain and suffering.The prison system all too often creates social and health care injustices for vulnerable human beings at the end-oflife, imposing an ethical and moral obligation upon interdisciplinary professionals, scholars, and advocates in the criminal justice system and larger community to c ooperate and collaborate in building a movement that will deliver more humane and empathic care to suffering older prisoners.The foundation for such a movement draws on the values and practice of community reintegration, restorative justice and human rights, including affirming the dignity of and respect for every human person, promoting the well-being of all members of the community based upon shared responsibility and accountability, and working toward peace (Maschi & Morrissey, 2011). Content Analysis This content analysis of the theoretical and empirical literature evaluates available research evidence on public health and health care prevention strategies and interventions that address the aging prisoner crisis.In the past decade, the number of hospice programs in the United States has grown to about 75, such as those at state prisons in Iowa and Louisiana (Maschi et al. , 2012). What is unique about these programs is that in some cases they have introduced and adopted interdis ciplinary collaboration and peer support practices in the delivery of health services (Harrison & Benedetti, 2009). Despite these promising practices to date, there has been little research done in this area to