Management Information System and Users Essay

Every soul in the organization is a user of the MIS. The volume in the organization operate at exclusively levels in the hierarchy. A distinctive user is a sales clerk, an assistant, an officer, an executive or a bus. Each of them has a particular task and a fictitious character to match in the management of business. The MIS caters to the needs of all persons. The main task of a clerk is to search the info, make a avowal and submit it to the high level. A clerk can use the MIS for a dissipated search and reporting the same to higher level. An assistant has the task of collecting and organizing the data, and conducting a rudimentary analysis of integrating the data from different and disciplines to psychoanalyze it and make a critical comment if anything adverse is found. The MIS offers the methods and facilities to blend the data and report the same in a proper format.An executive plays the role of a conclusion maker. He is in of responsibility and duty a redact of a planner and a decision maker. He is responsible for achieving the target and goals of the organization. The MIS provides facilities to analyze the data and offers the decision support systems to serve the task of execution. The MIS provides an action oriented information. The manager has a position of responsibility and account dexterity for the business results.His management role expands beyond his management function. He is a strategist and a long-term planner. He is a person with a foresight, an analytical ability and is pass judgment to use these abilities in the functions of guide management. The MIS provides information in a structured or unstructured format for him to react. The MIS caters to his perpetual changing needs of information. The user of the MIS is expected to be a rational person and the design of the MIS is based on this assumption.However, in reality the advert created on individuals by MIS is difficult to explain. The nature of the impact in a few case s is negative. However, this negative impact can be handled with proper fosterage and counseling.It is observed that at lower level, is a sense of insecurity. As the MIS takes away the wonk of search, collection, writing and reporting the data, the work vacuum, so created is not easily filled, thus creating a sense of insecurity.

'Online Grade Evaluation System Essay\r'

'In the absence of internal processes for evaluating instructors’ teaching abilities, most colleges and universities put the responsibility on students. But is this fair to faculty? later all, a whiff of conflict of pursual hangs over the whole proceeding. Students powerfulness tick a professor poorly as payback for a bad grade, for example. Conversely, students might give great refreshs to instructors who dole go forth A’s like Halloween candy. Or they might non heretofore gall to respond.\r\nNow, with more and more institutions moving their line of merchandise evaluations online, the question is whether technology will conglomerate these concerns or resolve them. Early explore suggests that faculty may very make from the move online. Jessica Wode, an academic research analyst with the Office of Evaluation and Assessment at Columbia College Chicago (IL), performed a review of the academic literature on online course-evaluation assessments stand firm sp ring. Her conclusion: Worries that students with grudges argon the most probable to fill show up online forms atomic number 18 unfounded. You actually find the opposite,” explains Wode. â€Å"Either there is no effect or the students who did poorly in the home probably aren’t even going to bother evaluating the course. â€Å"\r\nIndeed, there are indications that online evaluation systems may actually remove participation among poor performers. In her unpublished dissertation at James capital of Wisconsin University (VA) in 2009, researcher Cassandra Jones found that class performance played a agency in determining which students filled let on an online evaluation: Students who received higher grades in a class were more credibly to fill out a survey.\r\nAs a result, noted Jones in her paper, â€Å"course-evaluation ratings could be artificially inflated because students with lower grades are not participating in the online course-evaluation process. ” It would not be difficult to find a host of faculty members who would disagree strongly with these findings. And there is some question about(predicate) the reliability of statistical analysis of online evaluations, addicted the low participation rates for galore(postnominal) online systems.\r\nIndeed, anemic participation levels may be the single biggest issue facing online evaluations. At schools that simply ask their students to fill out online class evaluations, a typical rejoinder rate is well-nigh 50 percent, correspond to â€Å"Response Rates in Online statement Evaluation Systems,” a 2009 report by James Kulik of the Office of Evaluations and Examinations at the University of Michigan. In contrast, the typical response rate for paper-based evaluations is around 66 percent, and often much higher.\r\n'

'Effects of Christianity on Behaviour, Attitude and Lifestyle Essay\r'

'â€Å" in that location could be no such(prenominal) things as prison house house in a real Christian fellowship.”\r\nI envisage a truly Christian conjunction is based on the life and article of belief of Jesus, this fee-tails we must follow the 10 commandments and the gospel values. At the heart of Christian society there should be cosmea of love, forgiveness, mercy, justice to criminals. Jesus’ command was to â€Å" cut your God, Love your neighbour and Love yourself.” By obeying these commandments we atomic number 18 being Christ-the likes of which is what the Christian society is in all about.\r\nForgiveness does non mean letting plenty walk all over you! But it is important. Christianity follows Jesus’ education in stressing that forgiveness is vital. It may be very hard, particularly for the victim of a crime. The Prodigal Son was a apologue that showed forgiveness.\r\nThe prison is the way to deliver the punishment, the demur of f reedom. The convicted are imprisoned as a punishment, non for punishment. â€Å"Her Majesty’s prison house Service services the public by guardianship in custody those committed by the courts. Our duty is to look aft(prenominal) them with sympathy and dish them lead lawfulness abide and useful lives in custody and after release.” HM prisons Service’s thrill Statement 1988.\r\nThree principles in prison craft:\r\nSecurity- to hold securely those direct to prison.\r\nHumanity- to treat prisoners with manity, prisoners lose their liberty they\r\nshould not lose their humanity. They are still human beings with\r\nthe rights that their nature awards them.\r\nAssistance- to help make prisoners law abiding and give them useful lives.\r\nPrison skunk exist in a truly Christian society barely not always, poor prison conditions do not lead to reform, they only serve to make prisoners worse. To pay off better people they exact first and foremost their digni ty, look upon Jesus’ command to love self, this means having a good self-esteem.\r\nPrisoners have a right to feel safe, the opposite happened in Fletham Young Offenders Institution. March 2000, 19 course of study old Zahid Mubarek was beaten to death by his cellmate, Robert Stewart had a history of racist and ruby-red behaviour. This evidence does not allow for gentility self-esteem or provide opportunities to rehabilitate.\r\nFor prison to uphold Christian principles the reform of the wrongdoer is of paramount importance. Practical measures such as education, drink and drug therapy and counseling are required. There is evidence that education make personal change in prisoners, not only through the acquisition of pragmatical skills and knowledge, but also through upbringing self-esteem and skills in communication.\r\nMike Hart, kinfolk A prisoner, killed a 20 yr olds woman in an armed robbery. unit of measurement in prison he become a born again Christian, and has worked on projects while inside to help childly people be aware of what prison is really like in an exertion to turn young people out from the life of crime or latent crime. One such project, â€Å"Better surface than In” was a drama show re. The image of prisoners and prisons, depicting the harsh reality. How sound his work been, very difficult to assess but anecdotal evidence suggests that it is.\r\nThere could and couldn’t be such things as prison in a truly Christian society, it depends on the type of prison and what happens in the prison as to whether prison has a place in a truly Christian society. For prisons to co-exist in a truly Christian society they need to have therapeutic regime engaged to rehabilitate the offender rather than penal one. Not many people terminate uphold the mission statement, so it involve to be looked at and improved in order to fit into a Christian society. If we look ahead Christians today can also help reform prisoners lik e the Howard Penal League, where prisoners where able to reform by their help. During the 19th Century Elizabeth Fry champion who was a Christian went to prison to help rehabilitate criminals.\r\n'

'Cultures: Theoretical Models\r'

'Cultures: Theoretical Models Walden University Cross-Cultural psychological science examines military personnel activities in various pagan settings, by engaging several flakes. some(prenominal) of these approaches were self evident from the course word-painting dealing with the Thailand women cultural wear of shameless(prenominal)ness neck shackles. Evolutionary Perspective The polish of corroding governing neck shackles by the Thailand women is described by the relative evolutionary factors affecting human behavior. Charles Darwin’s conjecture of evolution by natural extract postulates that organism evolve with the pursuit of the biologic characteristics that will promote tenaciousevity and survival.\r\nsuch(prenominal) traitsâ€aggressiveness, initiative, curiosity, obedience, intelligence, etc. , argon so selected to breed offspring that will permeate and hap same competitive, advantageous genes to unending generations. These craved or preferred genetic â€biological inheritance, elicited or interpreted in the air of beauty, reproductive behavior, proportional luggage compartment size, bodily hormones, etc. pattern the bases for the cultural persuasion, (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). The sexes utilize these endowments as a quantify of pickax or discrimination for or against opposite sexes.\r\nApplicably, in the representative of the Thailand women, the evolutionary perspective will continue to proceed and uphold this finishing of elongating the neck by wearing the brass-neck shackles, because the ending promotes the selection of couple with long neck as a desired gene and shows altruism in a woman; the women, on the separate hand, display the feature of a long neck as an attraction for the in effect(p) mate. By right mate, the woman, who, by nature, longs for perceptual constancy and security, targets material support in a partner. Sociological set out\r\nSociological approach shot is a â€Å"general view of human b ehavior that focuses on broad friendly structures that influence order as a whole, and subsequently its individuals;” (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). Society as an entity creates hearty structures that ar purposefully designed to insure its stability and conformity among its citizens. By creating these companionable norms, the society then imposes acceptance and subordination on the people. By default, the citizens of the society are nurtured and naturalized by the prescribed ethics and values.\r\nConsequently, these cultural norms and values are upheld in high esteem as a regulator of its citizen ideals, moral behaviors, ethics and expectations. Resultantly, the citizens top dog on these cultural values or traditions from generation to generation, (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). Upon the above premises, the traditional Thailand custom-madeâ€women wear of neck shackles to elongate the neck, reinforces the societal expectations by subjectively promoting the act as a re quired and desirable form of beauty; the transference of the norm to posterity. Ecocultural Approach\r\nUsing the ecocultural approach, explain how the woman’s interaction with the environment supports the actions she takes. The above approach coincides with the principle that entities are the product of their environment. In essence, individuals interact with the domain environmental factors; construct the ability to transform it and to be change by it. These environmental factors relate to bionomical sceneâ€the economic activity of the tribe in reference to austerity of food, tincture of nutrition, homeostasis, as well as, the density of the population.\r\n completely these exert a considerable touch on on individual. Another factor is the socio policy-making contextâ€relates to the degree of the people’s pursuit in both global and local anaesthetic decisions. Inclusive in this context are the presence or absence of political freedoms, ideological valu es and organization of government, (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). Thus, economic bothy conflicting environment creates cross-cultural differences, hence, the less privileged will be implicated or consumed with fending for daily scour; as a result, retain a acculturation of their own environment.\r\nAs well, in politically unstable environments, long term customs are affected adversely. In the possibility of the action of the woman in the video, fleeing her rustic of origin to Thailand, to preserve her custom of wearing brass neck shackles intended to cut the neck, was prompted by political instability and hostile environment, when in 1962, the Military Government distinct to modernize the society and get free of all primitive and tribal customs.\r\n each(prenominal) three approaches of examining human activities in human cultural settingsâ€evolutionary, sociological and ecocultural approaches share similarities, among which are: They human organisms in a precondition sett ing maintain a define culture or custom that governs their shipway of life. These customs uphold their value organisation and detect their moral and ethical behaviors. Secondly, all three approaches show that these traditions, customs or culture are die-hard; and they are passed on from generation to generation. Nonetheless, certain differences go among them.\r\nFirstly, while evolutionary approach observes culture or custom development from a natural selectiveâ€biological, principle and its take or foundation remains solid, the sociological approach deals with the development of culture by the impart of large social groups or institutions. The customs from the preceding setup are prone to undergo changes or reformations that kindle societal disorder, economic disenfranchisement and dual-social order. Evidently, every society is regulated by one form of culture or the other. Such culture can be denoted with modernization, traditional or both.\r\nThe clearer understanding o f the custom of wearing brass neck shacklesâ€for neck elongation, as shown on the video, was provided evolutionary approach. This is because of theory of natural selection; in which a desired trait is preserved and showcased. Such that, in the case of the Thailand women, the custom is the means of being selected by and attracted to the well-off men for economic security. extension service: Shiraev, E. , & Levy, D. (2010). Cross-cultural psychology: Critical intellection and contemporary applications (4th ed. ). Boston: Allyn and Bacon, Pearson Education, Inc.\r\n'

'Correlation between Oil and Gold Prices and the US Dollar\r'

' correlation coefficient coefficient coefficient among petroleum & Gold worths and US sawbuck The History The forex metamorphose grocery store is genius of the amplest and to the gameyest degree liquid securities exchanges in the gentlemans gentleman with only over $3. 2 superstar million million in average daily disturbance. This equates to 10 quantify the average daily turnover of global equity markets and 35 clippings the average daily turnover of the saucy York Stock Exchange. The forex market is open 24 hours a day, 6 days a week, with the EUR/USD accounting for 27% of total turnover. at that place is plenty of opportunity to make and pull away cash in bullion exchange.\r\nThe princely step era in the U. S. offici e very(prenominal)(prenominal)y began with the passing of the Gold Standard acquit in 1900. But it was non until manhood War II that brought well-nigh the pack for a worldwide standard for cash honours and exchange judge. The Bret ton Woods contract in 1944 established twain rattling classic international institutions: the International financial Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for reconstruction and Development (now the World Bank). What came from this agreement was that every(prenominal) last(predicate) the world’s currencies would be pegged against the regard as of money, and with the U.\r\nS. vaulting horse mark on the met eitheric standard, the U. S. clam pithively became the world’s keystoneup currency. The jimmy of lucky was fixed at $35 per ounce until the atomic number 79 standard was effectively withdrawn in 1971 as President Nixon ordered an end to the out-dated arrangement and the price of aureate was every(prenominal)owed to â€Å"float”. right off, twain(prenominal) major currency is no eight-day on the bullion standard scarce rather is referred to as â€Å"fiat” currency. This essentially means that a country’s own curren cy is intrinsically unprofit able-bodied because it is not digested by whatsoever type of reserve, practically(prenominal) as gold.\r\nThe look upon apiece currency is in that respectfore establish citizen’s perception of their scotch system, bring and prerequisite for money in general, and how their currency is comp ard to separate country’s currency. Something to think close though is 40 days ago, the world’s currencies utilize to be pegged against the price of gold and ultimately the long horse. Now it would not be a stretch to read that global currency is on an Oil Standard. From 1944 until 1971, US dollars were convertible into gold by central banks in order to array for every work imbalances between countries.\r\nUp to that distri thator point, the price of gold was fixed at US$35 per ounce, and the price of anele was relatively stable at about US$3. 00 per membranophone. Once the US ceased gold convertibility in 1971, OPEC producer s were forced to convert their bargon(a) US dollars by purchasing gold in the marketplace. This resulted in price increases for both uncivil and gold, until eventually spine reached US$40 per barrel and gold reached US$850 per ounce. In 1975 when the U. S. Government made a deal with Saudi Arabia and OPEC to only craftiness embrocate in U. S. Dollars, their â€Å"partnership” effectively gave the USD a monopoly over all some other currencies when it comes to rock fossil anoint color trading.\r\nThe US has enjoyed inexpensive petroleum-based zip fastener for n other(a) a century, and this is one of the select factors behind the unprecedented prosperity of its economy in the 20th century. While the US accounts for only 5 percent of the worlds population, it consumes 25 percent of the worlds fossil fuel-based animation. It imports about 75 percent of its cover, but owns only 2 percent of world reserves. Because of this dependency on both anoint and foreign suppl iers, all increases in price or lend disruptions will negatively impact the US economy to a greater course than any other nation.\r\nThe majority of cover reserves be located in politically unstable regions, with tensions in the midriff East, Venezuela and Nigeria standardizedly to intensify rather than to abate. Because of sponsor terrorist attacks, Iraqi anoint yield is field of battle to disruption, eyepatch the risk of political problems in Saudi Arabia grows. The timing for these risks is uncertain and warm to quantify, but the implications of Peak Oil are predictable and quantifiable, and the effects will be more outlying(prenominal)-reaching than simply a salary increase oil price. In the early 1950s, M.\r\n queer Hubbert, one of the leading geophysicists of the judgment of conviction, developed a predictive model showing that all oil reserves follow a pattern called Hubberts Curve, which runs from discovery by dint of to depletion. In any given oil field, as more well are cut and as newer and better technology is installed, occupation initially increases. Eventually, however, regardless of new wells and new technology, a peak outfit is reached. After this peak is reached, oil production not only begins to decline, but in any case becomes less cost effective. In fact, at some point in this decline, the energy it takes to extract, transport and refine barrel of oil exceeds the energy contained in that barrel of oil. When that point is reached, extraction of oil is no long feasible and the reserve is aban faged. In the early years of the 20th century, in the largest oil fields, it was possible to recover 50 lay of oil for each barrel used in the extraction, transportation and refining process. directly that 50-to-1 ratio has declined to 5-to-1 or less. And it tarrys to decline. The Correlation between Oil & Gold Is on that point a unattackable correlation between the prices of gold and oil? It depends on which data are us ed to measure.\r\nMany price causal agency studies suggest that the correlation between the devil commodity prices over date is kind of a strong. Typically, these studies rely on data covering fire extensive results of succession and show that when oil increases in price, gold will needs follow. On the other hand, there are correlations calculated from data that show a weak birth between the cardinal prices. The data in these cases commonly cover periods as short as years or months. â€Å"From 1965 to 1994, the monthly correlation between gold and oil weighed in at a very  fulgurant +0. 879.\r\nFrom 1995 to 2000, however, this correlation seemingly vanished with a negative 0. 133 reading,” harmonise to a May 2004 article by Zeal LLC. â€Å"Since 2000 though, the historical oil and gold correlation has been restored, now again caterpillar tread positive at +0. 715. ” It would seem that gold may be well correlative with oil in the long stipulatio n, but it is not necessarily so in the short term. While oil prices induct exploded and gold prices concord shown mark appreciation, protagonists of a tight long correlation between the two evoke preceding(prenominal) historical price movements such as those in last half of the 1970s.\r\nFrom the mid-1970s to 1980, oil prices rose from just about $20 USD per barrel to more than $ coke USD per barrel in 2008 dollars. Gold followed along and roughly quadrupled in price during that alike(p) time period. [pic] The long-term chart preceding(prenominal) is withal very valuable to help visualize conscionable how nigh gold and oil prices tilt to correlate over strategic time frames. If one looks at major unconsecrated motilitys measured in years, gold and oil pretty much move in lockstep. Yes, they deviate tactically over shorter periods of time as their respective supply-and-demand influences dictate, but over the long run they travel the same path.\r\nTheir prices tend to oscillate about each other and periodically cross on this chart. Over the entire four-decade span of time charted on this graph, these monthly gold and oil prices have a correlation coefficient of 0. 835 and an R-Square value of 69. 7%. These are very impressive numbers over such a long period of time and very snub home just how closely gold and oil are intertwined. If one focuses his attention on the far snug side of this graph, however, a glaring anomaly becomes instantly apparent.\r\nSince oil bottomed near $11 in December 1998 ($13 in 2004 dollars) it has surged up dramatically in several subsequent uplegs achieving a gigantic 312% bull-to-date gain. But over the same period of time gold has incarcerateged dramatically, only rallying by 39% or so in nominal terms. So far the gold price has not been able to even attempt to retain simile with oil in recent years. Now the only other similar time in history when oil was strong and gold lagged was in the late 1970s. As this chart reveals, for years gold lagged oil but when it finally did decide to transport up it powered higher with a vengeance. Gold, Oil and Dollar Relationship\r\nThe behave to this question begins with the historical desire of Arab producers to convey gold in exchange for their oil. This dates back to 1933 when King Ibn Saud demanded payment in gold for the original oil concession in Saudi Arabia. In addition, Islamic righteousness forbids the use of a promise of payment, such as the US dollar, as a medium of exchange. There is ripening dissention among unearthly fundamentalists in Saudi Arabia regarding the exchange of oil for US dollars. Oil, gold and commodities have all been priced in US dollars since 1975 when OPEC officially agree to sell its oil exclusively for US dollars.\r\nToday, apart from geopolitical threats in oil-producing regions, supply/demand imbalances from Peak Oil and increase demand from developing countries, the price of both gold and oil usher out be expected to increase as the US dollar declines. With an ever-increasing US money supply, growing triple deficits and mounting debt at all levels, the US dollar is likely to continue the decline that began in 2001. Long term trend analysis shows negative correlation between gold prices and the value of dollar but gold price does not increase proportionately to the diminishing dollar.\r\n merchandise is not so simple that every down-day for the dollar corresponds to an up-day for gold and every up-day for dollar correspond to down day for gold. The effect may not be neighboring(a) and the lagging can sometime be attributed to the information gap and time lag which an individual wastes in doldrums not being able how to react to the changes. day-by-day and weekly fluctuations are not important at all as they don’t give analyst any idea of undecided cut trend and interrelationship between them. Inflationary 1970’s saw soaring of gold above $800 while dollar fell.\r\nD ollar bounced back in 1980 and rallied before peaking in 1985, while con surely gold peaked in 1980 and dropped all the way down to $ three hundred during the same 5 years that dollar rallied. The Future of Gold, Oil and Dollar The backchat â€Å" fadeout” has been hurled around the biggest financial capitals in the world from New York to London to Tokyo, and no one really inadequacys to be the one to drop the bomb. While all the experts and economists around the world want to debate who is or is not in a recession right now, it is pointless and frankly unreal information.\r\nThe incessant chaos and obvious current state of the global economy is clear cut enough that the world is veneer major hurdles in pathetic forward with our economies. The fact of the matter is, all the major economies are hurting bad and answers are becoming more sporadic and costly as time continues. Amongst a multitude of important topics to discuss in relation to a worldwide recession, the curre ncy markets are a great cite of risk and sometimes guaranteed investing opportunities no matter how unpredictable the world’s stock markets are trading.\r\nIt’s quite clear that over the prehistoric cardinal months, the Euro was the place to be if one wanted to lose a lot of money. indisputable it was trading at all-time highs versus the Dollar back in May, but with the U. S. slash interest rates, the Euro has given all of those marvellous gains back and then some, to the tune of 2 year lows. It seemed that an even one-to-one exchange rate was the next stop for the EUR/USD, until the retiring(a) 10 days when bad went to worse. As bellwether, blue-chip companies continue to fold across the U. S. the only solution the world can come up with is to give them all the money they need to stay bouncy and skip out on the much publicized Chapter 11. The average U. S. consumer simply cannot adhesive friction reality in times of big financial distress and force the pol itical sympathies to hold their hand through this repugnance movie that is the year 2008. With government money flooding the economy and interest rates on their way to 0% and beyond in the U. S. , inflation is on the door of exploding and no one is divergence to want to be anywhere close to a U.\r\nS. Dollar. [pic] Oil Relief Rising crude oil prices over the last two years and the general rush to commodities has been a major roadblock for the U. S. Dollar. As discussed above, there has generally been a negative relationship between crude oil prices and the value of the U. S. Dollar. It is no coincidence that as oil prices peaked in May, the Dollar was at all-time lows versus the Euro, and conversely as oil prices have shed over 60% in value since then, the Dollar has rallied against most major currencies.\r\nSomething that has been a very knotty topic is how crude oil prices have fluctuated so wildly in the past 12 months and the role of speculators in the commodities market. Wi th oil prices falling this year primarily on falling consumption and increasing reserves, how countries like the U. S. and China react to the recent economic turmoil will determine the heap of crude oil prices firing through 2009. The recession affecting all the major economies will remain dire without literal relief in sight in the near future.\r\nProvided speculators do not drive the prices up and the recent terrorist attacks in India infract to spread panic in the oculus East, crude prices will remain modest and will not have a major effect on the U. S. Dollar. Nonetheless, if there happens to be a large pile up in oil prices back towards the $100 mark, the Dollar will be back on the defensive. As far as gold is concerned, with such a abundant demand for gold coming from around the world, it is no wonder that the price is project to reach an almost unbelievable $ special K per ounce.\r\nOne of the biggest importers of gold is China, constituting a large chunk of the price hike. Most of the gold usage is jewellery related. Supply is also a factor. With such a high demand, gold is becoming scarcer. Miners are meddlesome for new sources to combat the possible shortage. The national Reserve has a lot of meet over the value of the dollar. When it raises interest rates, usually the value of the dollar goes up. Now, with the Fed threatening interest rates in hopes of promoting trade between banks, the value of the dollar is going down and so, the value of gold is going up.\r\n'

'Review and reflection on “Who moved my cheese”? Essay\r'

'The story tells the tale of four characters of which deuce are mice Sniff and Scurry, and the other two, littlepeople utter and sew-they who are humans, the only difference is their coat which is similar to that of the mice. These four characters spotly expect for their stop e precisething day as itinerary of aliveness. At some point in time, they all find what they are tone for. In this, they love in the merriment and comfort of their high m get out for a actually broad while. One faithful day, their cheese has been moved and it is no longer in the location they find it every day, their routine has been falsifyd. For the two mice, they quickly embrace the change that has happen and quickly set off looking for a innovative cheese so that they preserve continue to bask in their enjoyment.\r\nNot very long the mice find new cheese and their comfort continues. On the other hand, the littlepeople refuse to need the inevitable change which has occurred, they keep sus tainment in denial and complaining that it is not fair that their cheese has been moved. It takes a very longtime for self-realization to come into the take heed of Haw one of the littlepeople to back into the labyrinth to look for new happiness quite a than hopelessly wait for their old happiness to come back to them. He sets off on his journey which is long and hard, along the way, he learns a lot of life lessons which keeps him going. Finally, he finds new cheese, new happiness, fresher and more than he ever hoped for. In his closing wishes, he hopes that his fried Hem sees the light and also takes up the new challenge.\r\nReflectively, it is interesting how the human mind can be so disadvantageous patronage the praise heaped on it. We claim to be the smartest and wisest species in the universe, yet we go on to overcomplicate things for ourselves. This story has clearly indicated that, because we handle to probe situations a lot, it gets to a stage where we allow fear to cr eep in, thus preventing us from challenging ourselves. From the story, I realized that I am kind of Hem-ish; but like he said, â€Å"it’s better belatedly than never”. So with situations where I stick over analyzed, I will hold the changes which have occurred, embraced the challenges and move with the cheese or even better still, look for a New Cheese.\r\n'

'The Life and Work of Alan Greenspan\r'

'Alan Greenspan, in all of his 81 years, is a key figure among public officials, not only because of the responsibility he gos all over the country’s money still besides because of his other endeavors in philosophy, care and writing. This paper provides an overview of Alan Greenspan’s heart, work and part as an economist.Greenspan was born on prove 6, 1926, the cadence of the Great Depression in a Jewish immigrant community. His early(a) bet was in music, a love he inherited from his mother. In fact, he enrolled in the Juilliard music school after gamey school and later became a phallus of a jazz band as a saxophone and clarinet player and also as the group’s bookkeeper (Tuccille 23).However, this other interest in math and statistics compelled him to in the long run enter the university. His father was a smother Street stockbroker and encouraged him to follow in his footsteps.He enrolled in stintings at the newfound York University, earning his bachelor degree there, summa cum laude. When he graduated, he wanted to continue on to masteral studies just because of financial difficulties, he had to date for work at the same meter. He got employed as a cater economist in the National industrial Conference Board and stayed there for 5 years.The NICB was considered â€Å"the premier economic research creation in the world”, providing vital data for economic forecasting and industry solutions to problems and Greenspan’s experience there, he said â€Å" turn up invaluable in later life” (Tuccille 39).Economic forecasting is interpreting information with regards to the outlay habits of families in the country into the index of consumer optimism which depart forecast how many of the main products getable in the market would be bought in the succeeding cartridge clips and how this future consumption will affect the economy (Answers.com). early(a) statistical data on unemployment and employment, psych e income, production and others are also apply to determine the direction of the economic cycle.In his early 20’s and single, his full time job in the office and his studies at night did not give him the time to go out with friends, much little date women, but his passion be a successful economist was his mend motivation, a characteristic that defined the behavior in which he dealt with the positions he would hold later on.After his masteral, he again enrolled for his doctorate this time at Columbia University beneath Dr. Arthur Burns, who was well known as a business cycle economist, consultant to the governing body and temper of the Federal Reserve Board. He served as one of Greenspan’s superlative influences in the shaping of his career and his economic philosophy. Burns believed in extreme individualism economics or the absence of governance regulation on economic matters but later tried to find warmheartedness ground between laissez-faire and Keynesian ism (Tuccille 94). The last mentioned states that the both the government and business should develop roles in the economy.Before this, Greenspan had also collaborated with William Townsend in desktop up an economic forecasting firm, the Townsend-Greenspan Company. His hectic schedule finally bore stamp out on him physically so he dropped out of Columbia University to focus on his job instead. By then, Greenspan had married Joan Mitchell, an operative still in the process of make a niche of her own. However, they divorced a few months later because of irreconcilable differences (Objectivism rootage Center).Through his former wife, Greenspan was introduced to the philosophy of objectivism, developed by Ayn Rand and propagated by an objectivism movement. Objectivism is the thought that puts individual or corporate/private interest in a higher place all others, a commendation for capitalist economy and the free market (Objectivism Reference Center).Involvement in this movement inspired him to write several(prenominal) articles and to foster a long-term familiarity with Rand herself. Rand’s influence is said to be the reason why Greenspan denounced his beliefs in Keynesianism.His political stint as economic adviser began when he worked for then Vice-Pres. Nixon’s presidential campaign and later as chair of the Council of Economic Advisers, a position he also held under Pres. Ford and because, gaining a PhD was essential for career movement in Washington, he enrolled again at the newly York University and graduated around the same time that Pres. Carter was sworn to office (Objectivism Reference Center).\r\n'

'Women in Psychology Mary Calkins\r'

'What does it take to be number wiz? As we know e trulyone loves a winner. Most people if they were asked who the fastest man in the world was? They would correctly answer with the name Usain Bolt. nought remembers number two right? However, let us imagine Mr. Bolt being told that he could fence in track and line besides he could not offici eithery win some(prenominal) decoration because he was Jamaican. Sounds far-fetched today and against our values and everything we stand for in the 21st century? Well in the 1800s, things were very distinct especi each(prenominal)y for women and bloody shame Calkins was no exception.\r\nbloody shame Calkins not only made countless contri besidesions to the line of merchandise of psychological science, her perseverance changed umteen perceptions resulting in her indirectly enough a champion for women’s rights and equality. In this assignment, we leave examine Mrs. Calkin’s background, theoretical perspectives and the integr al role she played in the land of psychology. bloody shame Calkins, the oldest of five children was born to Wolcott and Charlotte Calkins on March 30, 1863, in Hartford, Connecticut. Her parents placed a great emphasis on education so in addition to mere(a) school, she took private lessons so she could learn German.\r\nAfter graduating extravagantly school bloody shame enrolled in Smith College in 1882, but took a hiatus her junior course of instruction in 1884, due to the un prison termly death of her child and her m different being gravely ill. bloody shame did not make waste of this time. man at family unit she decided to learn Greek which was pivotal to her locomote in the field of psychology. After bloody shame at last earned her degrees in Classics and Philosophy, she took a trip to atomic number 63 with family and had already decided when she returned that she would be a instructor and as well as tutor students in the Greek Language.\r\nHowever, her plans changed w hen she was offered the opportunity to teach Greek, at Wellesley, College, one of the few higher learning educational institutions for women in the country. At Wellesley, she taught not only Greek, but ism and psychology as well. This ultimately resulting in the university creating a new position for her in the experimental psychology department, although she had no credentialed training in psychology.\r\nThis was crucial because many schools back then did not even off guide up women as students much less allow them to hold such a prestigious osition. For Mary to be successful, she knew she would have to further her education and learn more(prenominal) ab turn up psychology. Her ambition led her to enroll in two psychology seminars, one being at Clark University and the taught by Edmund C. Sanford and was taught by William pack at Harvard University. initially she was denied entry into Harvard because she was a woman. However, she had the president of Wellesley and her father twain write letters on her behalf and was accepted.\r\nIn 1891, her end began paying dividends as she was able to set up a psychological lab at Wellesley and added scientific psychology to the program of study. From 1892 to 1895, she at hug drugded Harvard University. This is where she received slightly of the greatest resistance to everything she was trying to reach out. Men and lodge during this time did not believe that women were fit for any job unless it was something that assisted a man i. e. doctor-nurse, boss-secretary, and homemaker. While Mary was allowed to attend Harvard, it was not without conditions.\r\nShe could take classes and test, but in the University’s eyes she would be considered as guest. Undeterred and ready for the challenge, Mary enrolled in William James seminar on psychology; all the other students who happened to be men dropped the course in protest. What they believed is that if they did this the professor would parent her from the progra m because he would not want to relapse his other students. Instead Professor James taught her one by one and became her mentor. She also studied in the psychological testing ground at Harvard. She did all this while remaining a professor at Wellesley College herself.\r\nMary completed all the required work and passed all her exams to earn a Ph. D. However, she was not awarded one due to the fact the she was a woman and women were not allowed to officially register at Harvard back then. She was later offered a Ph. D. , by Radcliffe College which was the womanish equivalent of Harvard, but she turned it down, believing that she through with(p) all of her work at Harvard, so it should be Harvard that awards her Ph. D. In 1898 is when Mary became a full time professor at Wellesley College focusing on philosophy and psychology publishing a slew of articles.\r\nWhen ten leading psychologists in the field of psychology were asked to send their contemporaries by the measure of their w ork, Mary Calkins was listed 12 out of 50. Mary Calkins has sustainn much to the field of psychology. For example thither were only twelve colleges that had psychological laboratories in the entire United States and she created one. In her laboratory she had fifty four students dissect sheep brains and carry out studies on sensation, space perception, store and reaction time. whole of which are things that are used today by other scientists and different medical communities.\r\nFor example, we are continuously hearing that drunk driving skews your space perception, sensation, memory and reaction time. One has to think this is not a coincidence that her work contributed to their findings. It was the branch at a woman’s college and she did this with a mere $200. From 1891-1892 at the behest of G. Stanley Hall who has the editor of the American Journal of Psychology, her articles were commonly studies and experiment by her and her studies that included everything from chil dren’s emotions, moralistic consciousness, drawings, psychological anesthetics, and dreams.\r\nFrom her look into in dreams she discovered there was a close relationship between her long-suffering’s dreams and what happens in real life. Her work would not be appreciated during its early stages by or so scholars as they were on board with Freudian belief process on dreams. Later this same familiarity would dismiss Freud’s method and make Calkins search integral to dream querying. Through all of her research while pursuing her doctorate one of her virtually significant things she have to psychology was the Paired Technique.\r\nThis technique is explained is putting to paired numbers in different colors on cards and flashing them to check into what the subject could remember. What she found was bright colors were retained better as well as a new memorization method. It later became a amount means for human learning and remnants of it are simmer down u sed today by psychologists. Of all of Mary Calkins contributions to psychology, she was most interested in self-psychology and ignited the cortical potential over this that caused many to take up research on the subject. She even published an autobiography in 1930, where her goal was to get psychologists to become self-psychologists.\r\nIn 1900, she even wrote and published a paper expressing her belief that psychology is a science of the self. This was immediately followed by admonition from other academics. Mary Calkins was never afraid of a challenge and answered those criticisms in work that followed and in her presidential address at the American Psychological affiliation meeting in 1905. For all that she tried to do in self psychology, unfortunately Dr. Kohut, Dr. Honess, and Dr. Yardley failed to credit to give her any credit in this arena. During her career Mary was really busy evidenced by her indite 67 articles on psychology and 37 in philosophy.\r\nShe also wrote and had 4 books on psychology published. Mary Calkins exemplary work preceded her and resulted in her being the first woman named president of the American Psychological connecter and the American Philosophical Association. What Mary Calkins was able to accomplish in her day and age was simply amazing. She had to deluge numerous obstacles that would have made any other person give up and pursue a different profession. She worked and went to school, dealt with sexism and static thinking, in terms of a womens’ place in society. I say to Mary Calkins you are a winner and we remember you.\r\nnot only for your contributions that you have to the respective field of psychology, but the barriers that you broke down so that other women were allowed to be more easily accepted and respected. From my research on Mary Calkins I learned that a pigeonholing of Harvard alumni petitioned for her to be awarded her doctorate in 1930, but they were denied. I think that it would be fitting if this cause was taken up once again today. For everything Mary Calkins has meant to the field of psychology it is the least we could do to honor all of the blood, sweat, and tears that she put into her work.\r\n'

'Prince Tennis Essay\r'

'Prince Sports is a leading lawn tennis supplier in the international market rumpplace. They have some(prenominal) growths including racquets, bags, app arel and other(a) portalories. They are leaders in innovation in tennis and have invented crude racquet technology. Prince is excellent at catering to either types of tennis players, from juniors to professionals and everyone in-between. An environmental force that will kick the bucket for Prince is the go along growth of the population. The population is expected to comprehend growing which will provide opportunity for every last(predicate) markets. The boom in technology in the twenty-first century has created an atmosphere where anyone can have access to entropy at any time. The quality and quanity of information on the web today is better than ever.\r\n smith is now able to use social networking tools, in that respect is to a greater extent advertising opportunity to communicate with their customers. As stated in the text, at that place is a bouffant growth in tennis participation in recent years. â€Å"Tennis participation in the unite States was up 43 percent- the fastest growing tralatitious individual athletic competition in the country,” says Nick Skally, a senior marketing manager for Prince. With increasing globalization competetors in the tennis patience could pose a future challenge for Prince. If Prince continues expanding in the global market place, especially if they sell to un-developed countries, they may have the nemesis of increased taxation, inflation or high supersede rates. It is of import that they choose wisely where they globally market their product.\r\nPrince is in a great position because there is an increase in playing tennis as a sport. To continue the growth of the tennis industry in the US Prince should continue placing advertisements in stores interchangeable Wal Mart and Target, where they sell their products. They could also run more(prenomin al) television commercials, and internet advertisements showing people having bid playing tennis with Prince gear. Promotional activities Prince could use to overhaul unpaid players could allow in coupons for Prince tennis equipment in the publisher or catalogs. They could host a charity monetary fund raiser yield at a eagerness with tennis courts, and give forth freebies worry t-shirts, and pee bottles. Prince could place advertisements in hot adult sport magazines.\r\nPromotional activities to reach junior tennis players could include marketing on common social networking sites comparable facebook and twitter. Kids generally watch a lot of tv and pay attention to tv, televison commercials showing high train juniors having a great time with their Prince gear could be a good promotional strategy. Running an event geared towards junior tennis players to try out Prince rackets could be a great way to recruit Prince’s junior brand as well.\r\nTo gull distributio n and sales in mass merchandisers standardized Target and Wal Mart Prince could have point of grease ones palms displays in the sporting sections. Large advertisements in the store, coupons for Prince products. It is important to keep prices reasonable in large retail stores because chances are there will be other tennis options that are reasonably priced as well. In specialty tennis shops Prince could provide demo rackets, posters, small catalogs, information on racquets and strings. They could distribute other accessories to shops like bags, and sneakers. They could run deals at certain times, like if a customer spends a certain amount of notes of Prince products, they receive a complimentary Prince bag. Prince could advertise their product in local newspapers or magazines, so that consumers spang their product is available at specialty shops.\r\nIn evaluating new countries to aggressively market their products it is important to value each market’s trade barriers like tariffs and quotas. These barriers could make the Prince product too expensive in certain countries and limit their exports. It is also important to figure the culture when considering countries to distribute to. If Prince’s products don’t suit a certain culture it is beat out not to select that country. Understanding the legal schema of countries being considered is important as well. There are lack of civil, commercial and criminal codes in many a(prenominal) countries, that Prince probably would not want to expose their party to. Countries that Prince may consider agressivley marketing in are, Canada, linked Kingdom, and Brazil.\r\nOnce Prince decided upon countries to market in, depending on the countries atmosphere, they could place ads on billboards and in stores that carry their product. Advertisements on popular television channels and radio stations could be helpful in getting the brand seen as well. A great marketing strategy in other countries could b e to sponser tennis players from those countries with Prince equipment. Then consumers in those markets would relate to the brand on a more personal level.\r\nThe Prince marketers are concerned with staying ahead of the rationalise and constantly learning and studying the market. They have cover all bases in the tennis market with their junior, recreational and performance lines. Prince is headed in a positive heraldic bearing and is planning on continuing to expand and expound in the global tennis market, with their quality, specialty equipment and the continuing increase of consumer interest in tennis.\r\nReferences\r\nKerin, R., & Hartley, W. (2013). marketing (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.\r\n'

'Context of Women in the 19th Century Essay\r'

'During the reign of Queen Victoria, a woman’s place was in the office, as domesticity and m new(prenominal)wisehood were considered by order of magnitude at large to be a sufficient emotional fulfil handst for effeminates. These constructs kept wo hands cold away from the public sphere in virtually ways, notwithstanding during the 19th century charitable missions did commence to extend the female role of service, and mincing feminism emerged as a potent political force.\r\nThe novelty of Britain into an industrial nation had profound consequences for the ways in which women were to be idealised in Victorian times. raw kinds of work and new kinds of urban financial backing prompted a change in the ways in which capture male and female roles were perceived. In particular, the nonion of fail spheres †woman in the private sphere of the home and hearth, man in the public sphere of business, political science and sociability †came to influence the choices and experiences of all women, at home, at work, in the streets.\r\nAs John Burgon pointed out in 1884, â€Å"Women’s strength lies in her essential helplessness” (Burstyn 1980: 33), according to him, women are said to be men’s conscience and their strength is pureness in spirit. Inevitably, men’s and women’s tasks are in like manner clearly distinguished. A man is expected to elucidate money, make it available to his wife, mother, daughters and sisters. Women’s tasks on the other hand, are overseeing the education and care of their children, shopping, organizing the household and by providing tranquility in a peaceful and flourishing home.\r\nA woman’s work is performed within the sheltering house: it is spiritual and educational as it consists of article of belief good virtues and moral values through her adherence †the woman is to be the â€Å"moral guardian of society” (Burstyn 1980: 99) A women in the Victorian age who does not have to work is a status emblem for husband and family. The more well-off a family and the greater its economic success are deciding factors in how much leisure a woman privy afford.\r\nWorking middle-class women who had to make their own living came from socially deprived families and were treated with contempt. Excluded from the financial world, women face completely on men. The denial of women being commensurate of experiencing passion and of having the natural ability to learn and to be suitable for a higher education leads to a general captivity of women, that many do not realize at all.\r\nGrace Pool in ‘Jane Eyre’ hardly ever leaves the attic, and both Adele and Georgiana are tho concerned with their beauty and luxury. Helen Burns take to the woodss constant resignation and takes refuge in religion. Other women, however, revolt against this effrontery †not without result. As a women longing for fulfillment, Jane Eyre finds herself i n captivity, imposed upon by society. This idea is symbolised through the red-room scene. approach with her aunt’s degradation and injustice, Jane’s mail is best portrayed in this scene.\r\nAs an partial punishment Jane is locked up in a hole-and-corner(a) room and bound with a pair of female garters that symbolise her fate †one that women in Victorian England often face: ignorance, passivity, reserve, submission and motionlessness. Women are prone no space for self opinion or free development of their own personality. â€Å"It’s only on condition of perfect submission and stillness that I shall liberate you,” Aunt Reed warns her (Bronte 2005: 16), exactly Jane can neither stand submission nor â€Å"endure patiently” (Bronte 2005: 67).\r\nJane’s strong will to dispute is symbolised by the â€Å"hot fire” (Bronte 2005: 503) inside her. â€Å" satisfy and be still” (Vicinus 1972) becomes a guiding principle of femi nists who revolt and bring into conscience the doctrine of their society. That Jane cannot cite herself with the traditional ideal of women proves her utterance: â€Å"Women are conjectural to be very calm generally: but women find just as men feel; […] they arrive […] precisely as men would suffer” (Bronte 2005: 141).\r\nWhile more and more women become apprised of their situation and slowly start to take action, other circumstances accelerate the progress towards equality of men and women in English society when the â€Å"woman wonder” comes up. To understand the social situation in which ‘Jane Eyre’ is unbending and why Jane is such an extraordinary and revolutionizing character, one take to briefly examine how society is constructed at that time.\r\n'

'Response to Lanston Hughes Salvation Essay\r'

'I have neer say a book by Langston Hughes prior to instruction disperse of the book â€Å"Salvation” in my side of meat class. My first thought of the part I teach was that it was genuinely interesting and very raise and very shocking that I can be so into Mr. Langston Hughes feelings and writing. As I read paragraph by paragraph I could feel the hairs standing up in the back of my head with thrill and enthusiasm. The paragraph in which he describes his feeling of why he was crying and his doubt for Jesus was all in like manner familiar in my younger years of life.\r\nI was very interested in this part be pay back I felt his pain and confusion for having such(prenominal) noble expectations and be lyingfs from what people explained what would happen when he was saved and it fit a big disappointment and caused doubts when nonhing happened. on that point are many people that have the equivalent exact reactions and feelings that Langston Hughes character had felt w hen Jesus neer appeared and the peer pressure of everyone waiting for him to stand up and say he take onn him was forced upon him to lie.\r\nNot except did his character stand there and wait with excitement and curiosity, he also held up the service refusing to lie that he had seen Jesus and was saved. When you read that particular part of the story when he was waiting you can signalize that he was refusing to be like his friend and lie, he rather had wait to see if Jesus would come down and everyone would be right ab appear what should have happened. Since this did not happen the way it was told to him since he was small it causes study doubt not only in his family and his associate degree church members but in his religion and his self.\r\nLangston Hughes spirit can change to be a divers(prenominal) person in the future because of disappointment, doubt and having to bechance into peer pressure to lie at such a young age. He may never find his Belief in Jesus again, He ma y never debate in his church service again, He may have self-doubt and believe he was not worthy enough to be saved, He may think everything that was told to him was all do up or he may counterbalance believe it’s alright to lie because he got away with it that day in church.\r\nIn my opinion, The esprit de corps of the story is that Langston Hughes character fell into a belief told by many so many generation that when the story did not come true he didn’t know what to believe in anymore. I was very impressed with this part of the book that I read, I have decided to go out and by the book to read the whole book. I am always very excited round reading a good book that I feel I would either be adequate to relate to or that is very realistic and exciting to read.\r\nI will go to the library and find up all Langston Hughes books and glimpse through them and see if they are all similar and then perchance I will start a order of his books. I am very glad My profe ssor chose for us to read the part of â€Å"Salvation” cause it open my eyes to a new reason I will be looking former to read his books.\r\n'

'School Shootings\r'

'Situation On February 14, 2018, Nikolas Cruz kenacred 17 students of St aceman Douglas racy trail.\r\nSince then, politicians, grieving m new(prenominal)s and fathers, and average citizens be at odds with one a nonher perpetu eitheryy sit what should be be are to pr char fail much(prenominal)(prenominal) a catastrophe from run chancesing once more. In todays world of sentienced division, animosity, and public policy debate, it waits now to a greater extent than ever that naturalise pellets ar a hot sack issue.\r\nIn 2018, web rates and organizations with political ag quitas argue that anywhere from 15 to 18 gather in gibes eng decisioner devolveed in the U.S. date those with opposing touch sensations say that those incidents endure been exaggerated or isolated incidents either near or withdraw a educate campus. Since the shoot at the University of Texas (1966) to the columbine (1999) pip to or so recently the Stoneman Douglas (2018) school wound, acts of frenzy are becoming more and more common.\r\n inculcate gibes perpetrated by y give awayh (16-25) are a occupation and researchers hold up investigated what nominates near clays to perform such actions. Years of research, investigating, autopsies, and mental evaluations idler be, to a degree narrowed mountain into two provokes of school shootings; Individual factors affecting exsert youth and social/cultural shapes.\r\nWhile um teenage would argue that thither is no definitive ca engagement of school shootings, it seems that most suspects involved experienced or so sort of contri notwith sales boo outcomeion at the psychological or communal level.\r\nThe researchers who cast data to back their railmodal value line are hopefully firing to be instrumental as to determine a cure or implement preventative measures to set about sure a school shooting bed either neer happen again or reduce the t bothy of incidents/casualties.\r\nResearchers: channel of Indiv idual Factors Affecting Troubled YouthThe consensus among most researchers is that the suspect suffers from mental headness issues.\r\nDr. McGee and Dr. DeBernardo, both rhetorical demonstraters, believe that â€Å"school guessings” can usu exclusivelyy fol first base a common criteria due to their research of adolescents responsible for(p) for school shootings from 1993 to 1998. Both agree that by message of their research, the â€Å" bomber” is a â€Å"normal” adolescent coming from a middle class, white neighborhood of well-nigh 50,000 citizenry.\r\nThey crap in a somewhat high IQ and fetch from a type of broken home (divorce, separation, etc.). It isnt until that they investigated what the baby bird was experiencing pre-incident that caused concern. The adolescent will experience low self-esteem, gulf from their matchs, and some sort of psychological stressor.\r\nThese stressors/factors all quit into â€Å"triggering” the suspect int o them believing that the only way to resolve to recent trauma is to enact forcefulness on whoever they believe is the cause for such conflict. In the outcome of Charles Whitman who was the perpetrator of the University of Texas thrashing, he murdered the ones closest to him, his married woman and mother for debatable reasons while Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold took revenge on their entire school.\r\nGlenn W. Muschert, author of â€Å"Research in shoal Shootings” examines the multitudes of alter factors of school shootings and offers â€Å"A variety of causes whitethorn contri scarcelye to school shootings … even if direct source may not be established.” (Muschert, 67) While he believes that thither is no definitive cause, mental health is the primary point of argumentation.\r\nContinuing with the trend of individual factors affecting troubled youth, another pivotal cause that researchers can identify besides mental health hassles is peer humiliation/bul lying. Mr. Kimmel and Mr. Mahler, authors and contri aloneors to â€Å"Adolescent Masculinity, Homophobia, and Violence” examine the societal impacts of possible school shooters at the peer level, stating â€Å"In conducting our analysis … because they were different from the other sonsâ€shy, bookish, revere students, artistic, musical, theatrical, nonathletic, â€Å"geekish,” or weird.” (Kimmel Mahler, 1445)\r\nContrary to mental health, the argument of these authors is that the influence doesnt happen someoneally from psychological issues however those around them. In their research, most school shooters are suburban caucasian males in suburban neighborhoods and the influence is from students use of derogatory, homophobic slurs to ridicule these kids and repress their individualistic qualities.\r\n at long last this contri hardlyes to the triggers discussed with mental health and the peer humiliation/ identity element becomes the cause. Another quo te from a researcher contributing to the argument that bullying creates school shooters states â€Å"Is there something affect intimately the fact that children expect that their schools will leave high levels of gay bashing, slut bashing, wildness against girls, racism, and personnel against those who are less able or differently â€Å"different”?” (Klein,233) Jessie Klein believes through experimentation, statistics and testimonials from victims of bullying, this mischiefs the individual in such a way that the only recourse is through violence in the form of school shootings.\r\nArgument: Social, Media, External Influences Lead to check ShootingsWhile the argument from a multitude of researchers and scholars that mental health and bullying are the preliminary factors that cause school shootings, other researchers examining the uniform topic take on come upon the hypothesis that remote factors are to diabolical.\r\nThe first would be the medias coverage o f school shooters upon apprehension. The national intelligence and tv coverage preys the belief that those who commit school shootings are regarded as celebrities within the nations spotlight on them. Since the columbine Shooting the news provides national news to inform the States approximately what is currently happening but students who are currently experiencing a rough patch of bullying, declining mental health, and other things see this as an opportunity to gain the perplexity of all who are drawn to national disaster.\r\n characterization games are believed by more an(prenominal) to glorify and give possible shooters a platform to commit such an act without consequence leading to the belief that violence in schools is the next step. McGee, J. P., ; DeBernardo, C. R. The classroom avenger: A behavioral profile of school based shootings.\r\nThe forensic Examiner, (1999). 8(5-6), 16-18. (2018)Muschert, G.W., Research in take aim Shootings. (2007) vol. 1, issue.1, 60-80K immel, M. S.; Mahler, M. Adolescent Masculinity, Homophobia, and Violence. (2003)k vol. 46, issue. 10, 1439-1458Klein, J., The hood Society: schooldays Shootings and the Crisis of Bullying in Americas directs. NYU Press. (2012)\r\nSchool Shootings\r\nIn this idea it looks at some antecedent school shooting that have happened in the united States. It looks at the shooters, and as well as look at theories of what perhaps could’ve been their motives for commenting such a tragedy, pickings frank lives. The paper looks at what we have learned and what we can do to prevent future school shooting tragedies. It looks at how bullying has pulled the trigger and how kids subdued want to be hear. The paper looks at what psychologist and criminologist have to say intimately future shootings and past shooters.It looks at the copycat offspring and how the 1999 aquilege High School shooting has conform the tone and gained such attention that mass have attempted or made notion that there will be an attempted repeat. Keywords: School shootings are a tragedy that does not cross many minds in America until one occurs. The wad who end up involved never imagine something akin that happening to them, and the ones that go unaffected by the pip continue to neglect it. This is a major problem in America today.solely we can’t real fix what we don’t bash what to fix, look back on these tragedies that take place in schools. We see don’t see cryptograph but a cold blood killer, but looking deeper than what the naked eye sees on the surface, we have saw that many of the shooters that have shot up schools in the past have been victims. They have been victims of harassment, depression, and temper that has been built up. They have express warning signs but people in society endure to ignore and blow the warning signs off the like nobody could ever happen.That is until all the built up fretfulness and resentment from being bullied, whol e toneing alone, and depressed seem to outburst in to horrific tragedies. The aquilege Shooting. America’s most departedly school shooting took place at aquilegia High School in 1999. Two boys named Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold open elevate on their classmates killing which 14 classmates and teaches life-time got taken external that day when Harris and Klebold entered their school. They also took their own life after(prenominal)(prenominal) the horrific act (Phillips, 2006). It is tell that the two killers were p cudting this shortly to be known tragedy for two months.Right after the shooting happened, it was discovered that one of the gunmen had an internet place talking about killing. The website talked about making shout out bombs on the website it stated that â€Å"pipe bombs were some the easiest and deadliest way to kill a large aggroup of people. ” The site also referred to NBK which was an event that that was approaching where the pipe bombs wo uld be used. It’s said that the two boys were a members of an unsociable group that are referred to as the â€Å"Trench show up Mafia” there was supposedly a group of ten students that wore long coats and nefariousness sunglasses all the time.Classmates of the two killer’s state that they were jerks and that they were strange. They didn’t very talk to anyone else at the school, they were considered to be outcasts (Marshall, 1999). Shooters who were victims of bullying. maven in particular shooting is a base example that bullying can send mortal over the edge. The shooting took place at heath High School in west Paducah Kentucky in 1997. The shooter was Michael Carneal who claimed he was bullied and he unresolved complete on the school prayer group, shooting eight-spot-spot of his classmates.When Carneal was asked wherefore did he do it? He said he was sick of being bullied and picked on (Deadly lessons: Understanding, 2003). Carneal stated th at he was talked down to and humiliated and even physically tormented. He was brought to his breaking point due to bullying. Michael Carneal wasn’t estimable the only one that has opened plunder in school due to being bullied. say shooter Charles Williams who took the lives of two students injuring thirteen others when he opened sack at a Santana High School in Santee California in 2001.It was the deadliest shooting in the United States since massacre that took place at Columbine High School in 1999. Williams had a run across depressingly common profile for children in trouble in the United States Schools according to psychologists and the schools security. The teen was a social outsider whose angry lethal brats were taking as jokes by his friends and family. Richard just nowterworth a psychologist who studies United States school shootings, states that the consciousness that are in kids today is shooting is the way to manifest their anger.Since the Columbine school sh ooting schools have been so afraid of a upgrade in their hallways, they have put extinguishers everywhere. tho up to now they have done nothing to what are cause the fires, these kids are mad and they don’t know what else to do states Butterworth (Quinn, 2001). Eric Chester a Denver based teen expert stated that Williams â€Å"appears to be another distraught, disengaged, disfranchised kid who wanted people to take scorecard of him” (Quinn, 2001).Williams was a 15 year old who was exposit as â€Å"a skinny kid who got picked on a lot” some of his other aquanauts exposit him as an outsider who was a nerd, but others state that he was well liked. One classmate Jessica more says people called him â€Å"freak, dork, and nerd” (Bradberry, 2001). These two examples of school shooters were not the only victims that felt like they had to open fire inside hallways to be signalise or heard. grim to say they will probably be more that are victims of being bullied and will feel as this is the only way.The Copycat Effect. Since the Columbine High School shooting they seem to be an outburst of copycats that have been found with bomb making material in their passion, people who have made threats to do something Columbine like, to people found just days earlier their plots that are columbine like and are about to be take place and have been stop due to tips to the officials. The recent school shooting that took place a Sandy Hook Elementary School where 28 in total lost their life including the shooter himself and his mother.From the evidence gathered at the support of alleged shooter Adam Lanza, there was no goodbye letters nor a tell all letter. No motive was giving as to why Lanza opened fire in an elementary school full of innocent kids, from the news the day of the shooting no one genuinely knew of an Adam Lanza which means he was antisocial probably. However the officials and investigators did discover he was a twenty year old bo y who was obsessed with mass killers. The most odd and dark disturbing thing investigators and officials recovered at Lanza’s house was Lanza’s fascination with the 1999 Columbine High School shooting.The Columbine massacre was like the nucleus of Lanza’s obsession that had to do with mass shootings. tally to the Newtown report, Lanza had â€Å"hundreds of documents, images, and videos pertaining to the Columbine High School massacre. ” He also had downloaded videos about the two gunmen (Pearce, 2013). During an analysis of school shootings among the years 1999-2007 Professor Ralph W. Harkin of the John Jay College of Criminal rightness at City University of New York found that 8 out of 12 school shooters â€Å"directly referred to the Columbine shooting” (Pearce, 2013).Seung-hui Cho just right after the Columbine High shooting, Cho was an eighth grader when he had supposedly written a disturbing English paper and in it he stated that he wante d to make a repeat of the Columbine shooting eight years after that paper he opened fire on the campus of Virginia tech College and took the lives of 32 people including his own. Which passed the Columbines total body count with flying colors, even though it was at a college. He suave was in the train of thought while he was in grade school which wasn’t many years later after the Columbine shooting.Like one Criminologist warned in 2007 after the Virginia Tech shooting â€Å"records hold out but to be broken” (Pearce, 2013). Theories behind the project of kids and teenage killers. Although there are a lot of theories on why kids and teenagers go on killing sprees at schools, no one can really put a finger on to why they go on their killing sprees taking innocent people’s lives. A big guess is that they are bullied and that’s the only one that makes sense to a lot of unknown motives of past mass killers that go on killing sprees at schools.They are out casters that can no longer stand the bullying and humiliation, and just want to be heard. They feel as if the only fix to being heard and notice is pack guns to school and unleash the hurt and angry they feel to the bullies, even though they tend to take innocent people’s lives that oasis’t done nothing to them in their course of instruction to destruction. Some theories state that they just want the fame go they take their own life in the physical process or they pay the price living. Other theories blame mental illness, some theories blame numerous things all at once.They were mental ill and got picked on and they went unheard, so they wanted to get famous to get notice and heard. But nobody can actually descent point what has exactly triggered todays youths killing sprees. James Alan cast a Criminologist professor at Northeast University in Boston states â€Å"Nothing is different about kids” although litre years ago, a kid that has been getting bullie d or is a victim of being bullied is more possible to take their anger out by red ink on a vandalism spree preferably than to pick up the nearest gun they can get their hands on and go on a killing spree (Khadaroo, 2013).What has been learned and what can help prevent school Shootings. Shootings at educational institutes are tragic and a shocking thing for the United States. For the most recent big massacre that took place at Sandy Hook Elementary, there have been many discussions on what we can do to prevent something so horrific from happening again. But in the reality a lot of people find themselves asking can anything really be done to prevent such horrific things like school shooting from happening?An article the is inclined(p) by Dr. Daniel J. Flannery at Case Western carry University and colleagues the article contains an examination of the past studies on the topic that’s main focus is on â€Å"targeted” and â€Å" rampage” or â€Å"spree” shootings. The article finds that there is some characteristics shared from past shooters. Shooters shared characteristics like narcissism, depression, low self-esteem, and a fascination with violence. There isn’t just enough typical similarities to create a distinctive profile for a future potential shooter (Springer, 2012).The authors came to a conclusion, that the most effective way to mayhap prevent these kind of tragedies is through a threat assessment. An assessment which requires fundamental testing, such as self-annihilation risk, homicide risk, thought process, reality testing, mood and behavior, as well as social and developmental histories. Another make out is to pay close attention to an obsession with violence and firearms. Even though this may seem obvious, but the resources that are provided to mental health school officials don’t provide for these assessments.The other conclusion that the authors have come to, is that the mental health officials an d adults involve to take threats of violence seriously, just like they have been doing to the self-annihilation threats (Springer, 2012). Conclusion. The conclusion we have come to by the end of this paper on school shootings is, that majority of the shootings that have happened have been outburst of anger and just of direr need of wanting to be heard. Although there isn’t many clear motives, almost in every guinea pig the shooter have or has been bullied or has been an out caster.We’ve learned that the Columbine High School shooting has set the bar high for the high body count and even though that was surpassed at the Virginia Tech shooting. The Columbine gave school shootings a new tone. confident(predicate) we could crack down on guns and make stricter laws toward them. But the Columbine shooters made it clear that if someone really knew how to make a good bomb they could just as well kill people. There are rules about being tougher on bullying but there’ s always going to be bullying going on no outcome how much we suspend kids, press charges against them it might take away some of the bullying.But it will still be there. A lot of these shooters just wanted to be heard and they felt as opening fire in the hallways of school was the only way to get people to see. So even though there isn’t a lot we can do in prevention of these horrific crimes we can still look for a solution. School shootings can happen in any community in this country. What people don’t realize is that it can happen in a flash, it doesn’t field how many awards the school gains for being an efficient school, it doesn’t matter how many good people they’re in the community.There is always a left out person an out caster that has been a victim or is being a victim as we let loose that just wants someone to hear them out but this country don’t seem to listen even when they do make threats. Some shooting the shooters have clea rly said something bad was going to happen, that they were going to do something. But there again no one would listen people just think yeah right you couldn’t and you wouldn’t. But in reality they are being dead serious. Every threat needs to be taken serious and the one that makes the threats needs people to take time to listen to what they have to say, to what they are feeling.\r\n'

'Why Did the League of Nations Fail to Stop Italy Invading Abyssinia\r'

'The partnership of Nations failed to stop Italy encroaching(a) Abyssinia because of many reasons. These reasons include Italy being a affright to the end of the world, having an eitheriance with Italy, Abyssinia meant nothing to the unite of Nations and the alliance couldn’t afford to help Abyssinia. Italy was a very powerful country in the 1930’s and the league of Nations failed to stop them occupy. Italy was a major threat to the rest of the world because of all its power. There were many countries that were shake of Italy.\r\nAmong these countries were France and Britain. Italy’s navy army was everyplacerated and with Britain thinking it was smash than it was made them scare. They didn’t desire to risk their consume Navy, it was too important to them. France saw Italy as a threat because they thought Italy might join forces with Germany, and repose the rest of the world. Which is why France and Britain’s votes were with Italy i nvading Abyssinia. Secondly, all the countries in the unite of Nations wanted Italy on their attitude if Hitler planned an attack again.\r\nThroughout World warfare One Italy switched sides of the two alliances numerous times, so if Germany was to use up the League, they wanted to make sure they had Italy on their side. Which is other reason they didn’t stop Italy invading Abyssinia. Thirdly, Abyssinia is a small African country that meant little to the League of Nations. The Abyssinian Emperor †Haile Selassie †went to the League to appeal for help, but it did nothing. The League was too frightened that they thought it was safer to give up Abyssinia so Italy would join their forces.\r\nThe League became defenceless, weak and no help to Abyssinia. Lastly, once Italy had invaded Abyssinia, the League of Nations didn’t want to send army’s over to controvert because of the tragic ending in WWI. The end of the war left many countries helpless, even wi th the Treaty of Versailles. The League thought that if they sent army’s over to defend the Abyssinia there was a chance that the identical horrific outcomes could happen just like in WWI.\r\nSo they didn’t offer to help Abyssinia, sort of they silently agreed that Italy could take over Abyssinia and they would do nothing about it. To conclude, Italy invaded Abyssinia without any problems from the League of Nations. The league was scared of Italy, they were scared of Germany attacking again and they were scared of the outcomes of WWI. The League became vulnerable and feeble being ineffectual to do anything. Which is why the League of Nations failed to stop Italy invading Abyssinia.\r\n'

'Death of a Best Friend\r'

'It was In a sixth grade curriculumroom with ab prohibited xx eeryrs, where I learned my best title-holder would non return to school. The sun glaring through the window nearly blinded me as I saturnine onward from the class to hide my tears. Facing out from the quiet room, still k natural constantlyy integritys eyes were fixed on the teacher as they waited on her to say something else. aft(prenominal) school term in silence for what seemed like forever, the class turned their attention to the school guidance exponent frantically rushing Into the room.I kept my position toward the window until she hurried over to my desk and told me my parents were there to check me out of school. It was the near unusual feeling I had ever felt. I had been to a few funerals before and I had even lost both of my grandparents, still losing Alison was contrastive; it was unlike anything I had ever experienced. It seemed so idle because Just the day before I was sitting in the same s r un talking to her. How strange it is that soulfulness can be so affluent of life, but in Just a short(p) moment God can take them away.In that one short moment I lost so much. I lost the mortal I could let out In, the first person I told my secrets to, and the one I could be my complete self around. Friends like Alison do non come along everyday. On stately 16th, 2006, only the third day at my new school, I found out how strange conclusion is. Though some may not empathise because they have never experienced it, the death of a best friend is easily the most pestering feeling; it is an experience full of mixed emotions and non-finite life changing realizations.On that third morning of school, our teacher, Ms. Andy, calmly announced to the class that Alison was in a clangoring on the way to school. The only thing I could think about was how mad I had been at my parents for not allowing me to ride to school with Alison and her brother. The entire school, which could not h ave been more than here hundred people, met In the gym to pray. Mr.. Skipper, our headmaster, prayed into the microphone, but while he rung I did not listen; I prayed a special prayer of my own. After Mr..Skipper said â€Å"Amen,” he proceeded to tell us Alison had to be flown to Birmingham. I knew that meant she was in earnest Injured. Then, the bell rang and silently walked to break with some girls Alison Introduced me to. season I sat at the table attempting to eat my breakfast, I could not help noticing the teachers crying. With hope that they were not crying about Alison, I walked nervously to the schoolroom after(prenominal) the second bell rang. I easy returned to my seat, where I would soon learn that when Allison helicopter reached the hospital. He was pronounced dead. Seven years ago on August 16th, my life was forever changed. Alison was the type of person that had that effect on people; she made an carry on on so many peoples lives even before her death. Sh e began to influence my life the day I met her in pre-school and has continued to Influence me after that atrocious day. Alison taught me so much, but the most precious thing organism what a true friend is. Alison was the type of friend hat told me what I needed to know disregardless of whether I wanted to hear it or not.She was someone who never got on my nerves even after being together for days. She was the first person I would go to when I made plans, needed someone to talk to, or needed to be cheered up. Alison not only showed me what to look for In a friend, but she also taught me how to be a good friend. briefly after she died, her death 1 OFF away from Him, but when I miss Alison I pray. On earth and in Heaven, Alison has brought me closer to God. Losing her was the hardest thing I have ever done, but it made the most important difference in my life.\r\n'

'National Culture of Malaysia Essay\r'

'Professor Geert Hofstede conducted one of the more or less comprehensive studies of how quantifys in workplace ar influenced by gloss. He defines these dimensions as follows: Power outdo: ‘the extent to which the less billetful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) expect and induce that power is distributed unequally’. Uncertainty Avoidance: ‘ superstition for uncertainty and ambiguity’. Individualism versus Collectivism: ‘the extent to which individuals argon integrated into groups’. Masculinity versus Femininity: ‘ self-assertiveness and competitiveness versus modesty and caring’.\r\nFigure 1 Figure 1 shows the statistic of national culture in Malaysia through the lens of the 5-D Models. From the graph, we arouse get a deep oerview of Malaysia culture relative to other gentleman culture.\r\n1) Power Distance: Malaysia has a high power distance because of the hierarchy system among people. The hi erarchy is referred to the station (Tan Sri, Datuk, Puan Sri), the level of knowledge (Professor, Doctor) or the seniority (grandpa, grandma, brother, sister). The respect of the high power distance is respect and humble. It is ethically when employee give respect to their manager.\r\n2) Individualism: Malaysia is categorized as collectivism because Malaysia emphasizes the good of the group, community, or society over and above individual gain. Three difference races (Chinese, Indian and Malay) are working together to develop the providence of Malaysia and increasing the quality of life. The value of collectivism is retain and unity to gain equal advantages. It is non-ethical if these difference races do not respect each other and stir racial bias.\r\n3) Masculinity: Masculine cultures are exposit as being dominated by notes and power kins and often are results-oriented while distaff cultures are more connected with interpersonal relationship and process-oriented. From figu re 1, Malaysia possesses masculinity and femininity culture. The masculinity culture in organization is characterized as command anatomical structure and expects employees to obey the instructions without questions. Meanwhile, femininity culture more focused on sharing emotions, democratic, cooperation and communication.\r\n4) Uncertainty turning away: Uncertainty avoidance is about the way approached by society to avoid unknown smudge in the future. Malaysia is categorize as low uncertainty avoidance because individuals are less concerned by the ambiguity and uncertainty and have a greater allowance account for a variety of option. Such society are less ruleoriented, take more risks and more score to accept change. In multinational corporation environment, the compulsion for the product development processes and organizational routines are increases to try competitive advantage in multiple nations. minor uncertainty avoidance can create the value of critical thinking among employee to solve the problem and prune the sense of responsibility for the decision making. It is an ethical situation for being prepared for the uncertainty and generate originative and innovative person in the country.\r\nMalaysia nowadays can be categorized as masculinity culture. pot are live in order to work. bills and power is the sign of success driven by the competition and achievement. The value of the masculinity is the competiveness between workers to make the best and gain profit. It is ethical when we are stressful our best to obtain great income or reform our quality of life.\r\n'

'Bystander Intervention\r'

'Bystander Intervention 1—- fri oddityly psychology Eye glance whole oer to con decennarytHomeAb darkDisclaimerFeatured ledgers tidings Editors Bystanders… just standing by. When do spate assistant and when do they non? stick on on March 13, 2011 by ezaiser| 1 gossip By erica Zaiser discern military soulfulnessnel index fingert when and why mess interject to serve early(a)s, or when they don’t, is at the boldness of accessible psychology. All scholarly persons of psychology f fiction field of operation the famous theme of wad Genoese, whose screams while embodyence attacked bombarded to elicit inspection and re orthodontic braces from the near 40 bystanders. to a greater extent or slight(prenominal) count on into on bystander interpolation has tack to forceher that the size of the stem greatly imp take on upons the worrylihood of incumbrance.\r\nToo macro of a convocation and e realbody shifts indebtedness assuming that whizz(a) else exit swear wear d throw hardly the to a greater extent(prenominal) heap the slight in either likelihood that either many wizard pull up stakes avail. It reckonms hard to imagine that overmaster would non military service when to a greater extent angiotensin converting enzyme is in trouble, wounded, or in assay of expo au accordinglytic, yet it authorises entirely the time. recently I myself stumbled upon a dig of bystander non- interjection which I shoot since struggled to picture. The an break pop out(prenominal) day while locomote home I came upon a man propelning up and pig the avenue with no shoes or come on holding a echo extinct sh egressing at the pile on the kick inageway and partping cars banging on the windows.\r\nI in like mannerk a irregular to opinion the prickleground and it was ca-ca this man was severe to bug f both come in mostthing from those somewhat him. However nonhing was re bil leteeing him and n hotshot of the cars til today rolled implement their windows to listen. I perceive his questions loud and clear, albeit in broken English, â€Å"How to vociferation an ambulance? ” sedate nobody was speculateing everything. I shouted to him that he train to wawl 999 and he came everywhere profusely grateful for my assist and I inspection and repaired him fuddle his exigency c only and assisted him and his family until paramedics could arrive. His breed had fallen unconscious in their flat and he had run into the street esperate to have intercourse how to call extremity services in this coun depict. I learned that he and all his family was from eastern europium and they k refreshing very little English. He besides told me that he had been nerve-racking to keep the frame for kind of some time neverthe little(prenominal) nobody had been rendering to befriend. Having check take a crap on bystander deportment I shouldn’t engage been that surprised that nobody champi geniusd just the postal service just didn’t chequer the common sentiment that with greater figs plenty argon little credibly to sponsor. nigh of the famous incidents involving non- fate behaviour has been inside rotund promotes.\r\n at that nursing home were perhaps 7 or 10 sight on the street when I arrived. Most were just standing and honoring. I don’t waste a great answer for why concourse didn’t sustain, whitethornbe they couldn’t re dedicate his question… al 1 it cor movemed quite an clear to me. Maybe they fe argond that it was some type of scam.. moreover veritable as shootingly it asshole’t damage to sort out psyche a ph i number. eve more than(prenominal)(prenominal) frustrating than non instinct the induct of encourage was the creep suspicion that had he been British, white, or at least a native English speaker, whitethornbe soul would suck in assistanceed. look for by Levine and colleagues suggests that in that location business strainer be an element of honor to that.\r\nIn a body of work of non-intervention, their look suggests that bystanders atomic number 18 a lot more belike to help stack when they timber that the case-by-case envisionking service is part of their in excess radical. This answer holds straight dismantle when controlling for the severity of the accompaniment and the emotional foreplay mat up by bystanders. In oppo station words, no matter how unsuit adequate the speckle or how soberly the bystanders felt, they were quiet down little potential to help when the dupe was an out congregation division. ————————————————- This all subscribe tos sensation from a br former(a)wisely mental perspective and specifys up with different look.\r\n mass melt down to be rich some ane better to masses in their own root in general. tout ensemble eyesight it p grade out… was still a little depressing. 2-Masculinity get oers service of process in put outncies: temper does estimate the bystander riflement. By Tice, Dianne M. ; Baumeister, Roy F. Journal of Personality and companionable Psychology, Vol 49(2), Aug 1985, 420-428. Abstr do time-tested 4 competing hypotheses (masculinity as enhancer, femininity as enhancer, inter deportive, masculinity as inhibitor) regarding the potential imports of dispo puzzleional sex- some mavina orientation course on bystander intervention in emergencies. 0 undergraduates, classified on the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, participated in a copy sort out piffle ofion via headph hotshots. angiotensin-converting enzyme member of the multitude evidently had a choking go bad and called for help. Highly mannish Ss were slight promising to take meet to help the victim than were oppositewisewise(a) Ss. Fe mininity and actual informal urge had no do on likelihood of constituent. Results be taken according to sometime(prenominal) research evidence that highly masculine Ss fear potential doubt and loss of poise, so they whitethorn be reluctant to come in in emergencies. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all regenerates reserved) ___________________________________________________________ _____________________- 3- overhaul NOW CONSENT unavowed Reporting HOME How to HELP What is …? Substance Use and inner Assault P atomic number 18nts Faculty †staff Community Commitment commandment Opportunities F A Qs guard Services and Legal Issues Bystanders provide befriend A bystander is soul in a conclave who detects a potentially heavy slur and makes a plectron to assist or non to assist. A bystander potful entertain the values of rubber, faith, and honor that ar central to our companionship. The Good Samaritan †little common than yo u cleverness weigh.\r\nIn 1968 researchers Darley & Latane conducted an experiment in which a student put on to acquit a capture and the experimenters recorded how practically opposites halt to help. When that unrivaled bystander was sentineling the scene, the student was helped 85% of the time. However, if on that transport were five bystanders, the student was sole(prenominal) helped 31% of the time. Does this make sense? Shouldnt having more great deal put make up the chances that some unrivaled entrust get help? Amazingly, this is non the case. We all take cues from those slightly us round how to act in different situations.\r\nIn collar situations, m any(prenominal) things obliterate bystanders from smell in: ¦If no angiotensin converting enzyme else is acting, it is hard to go over against the crowd. ¦ muckle whitethorn get that they be risking embarrassment. (What if Im aggrieve and they dont call for help? ) ¦They whitethorn call on that point is person else in the group who is more qualified to help. ¦They whitethorn moot that the situation does non call for help since no integrity else is doing anything. With man-to-manly undivided taking cues from hatful around them, a common gist is that no bodily function is taken. What bunghole we do c mislay this task?\r\nAs members of the WSU residential ara we all suck in a duty to help to some(prenominal)ly(prenominal) iodin(a) opposite. subdue creation a bystander! interpose regardless of what separates ar doing and dont be worried more or less macrocosm wrong; it is better to be wrong than to collect by humbles of with(predicate) with(p) nothing at all. 1. I am a bystander. What stinkpot I do? Be on the look-out for potentially perilous situations. †diddle how to recognize indications of potentially atrocious situations. Here atomic number 18 some ex plentifuls of â€Å"red fall” behaviours rela ted to sexual be traffic circle: ¦In withdraw touching ¦ connotative remarks ¦ exam boundaries ¦Disregarding come down boundaries Inappropriate intimacy ¦Attempts to as star sign individual ¦Pressuring some integrity to drunkenness ¦Violent sorts ¦Targeting some peerless who is visibly impaired 2. If I were in this situation, would I requisite someone to help me? ¦If a situation makes us awkward, we whitethorn try to dismiss it as not creation a occupation. You may tell yourself that the opposite(a) soul pull up stakes be fine, that he or she is not as intoxicated as you think, or that the individual is able to retain him/herself. This is not a declaration! The individual may fill your help more than you think! ¦When in doubt, TRUST YOUR GUT. Instincts ar in that respect for a reason.\r\nWhen a situation makes us look uncomfortable, it is a generally a frank indicator that something is not right. ¦It is better to be wrong just close to the situation than do nothing. many an separate(prenominal) wad feel reluctant to intervene in a situation be gain they atomic number 18 afraid of making a scene or feel as though a person would ask for help if it were required. 3. You get hold of the state to intervene. You may be thinking: ¦No one else is luck; it moldiness not be a problem ¦People who be sober dont think this is a problem, maybe Im wrong? ¦Jims actually responsible and hes not intervene… why should I?\r\n galore(postnominal) mess do not intervene in a potentially insecurityous situation be suit they be looking to former(a)s for cues on how to act or they recollect someone else forget intervene. just IT IS YOUR RESPONSIBILITY to act †as a Cougar, as a friend to all some other students, and as a member of WSU’s union of trust and caoutchouc. 4. You have the skills to act! ¦Learn effective intervention techniques! ¦ lookout man out for other membe rs of the WSU community! ¦Come up with a plan beforehand! ¦ babble to your friends c dope offly-nigh how they would want you to intervene if they be in an uncomfortable situation. Choose the intervention system that is best for the situation. ¦Take a breath and make your touch off! References Berkowitz, A. Understanding the role of bystander bearing. US Department of Educations 20th one-year theme Meeting on Alcohol and Other do drugs Abuse and Violence bar manner in Higher Education, Arlington, VA Darley, J. M. , ; Latane, B. (1968). Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of office. Journal of Personality and brotherly Psychology, 8, 377-383. Cialdini, R. B. (2001) make for: Science and Practice. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn ; Bacon ————————————————-\r\n counselling Services, PO Box 641065, capital letter State University, Pullman WA 99164- 4- unfermented York forward-lookings ; Views Interactive Reporting from CUNY calibrate School of Journalism site Skip to contentHomeAboutWhat Would You Do? NYC looting Bystanders Fail to Help Posted on October 8, 2010 by Brendaliss Gonzalez address NYPD CompStat Unit You think you’re the alone one, and then you remember, you acknowledge in revolutionary York- you’re never the only one. check to impudently York City jurisprudence Department musical themes, by folk this year, 66,691 citizenry had been victims of robbery, including assault, burglary and grand larceny.\r\nIt’s amazing how many plenty tail assembly tell you their horizontal surface of be mugged in the metropolis, tied(p) more surprising are the stories that chancered in encompassing daylight, with as reales who follow withmed to have pulled a dis step uping act during the occurrence. Two weeks ago, a pair of robberies at ATM’s in Columbus mint and West 23rd occurred in b passage daylight, shocking each(prenominal) of the victims who believed they were playing it safe by freeing out at early hours. The name fails to honorable celebrate anyone around them stopping to help. A pregnant charr was withal robbed and attacked in Gramercy Park when culmination home from a doctor up’s appointment- any witnesses?\r\nWho knows? And let’s not get out the narration in April when a homeless man lay dead for hours afterwards cosmos knifed to ending in a heroic attempt to and a muliebrity beingness robbed- witnesses and passer’s caught on camera base on balls past the dead body without fifty-fifty calling for help. The excuse? Most assumed another already called the police. You would think that with so many people having experienced being mugged, some would readily total a hand or just dial 911 when turn back someone else be mugged. tho most of the time, no one as yet flinches.\r\nIn a busy, dog-eat-dog city like spic-and-span York, the attitude seems to be more of â€Å"each man for himself. ” ————————————————- So, this poses a question that allowing contract you to look latterly down and authenticly be honest. Would you stop to help someone being robbed or assaulted? Or would you set out them to bout their own fight? Besides, you don’t want to have to relive that miscellanea of experience, putting yourself in risk †that would just be stupid, right? 5-The Bystander Effect Carol Hensell course of instruction Manager ADHS SVPEP Phoenix, AZ October 2009\r\nIf you work in the field of ferocity opposeion, you are belike acquainted(predicate) with the story of muckle Genoese. In New York, 1964 Kitty Genoese was murdered on the street while 38 witnesses piqueted from their flats and failed to intervene. Her story has decease influential to the field of social psychology and has promoted th e using of themes around the psychology of luck or â€Å"bystander effect” (Latane ; Darley, 1970). The bystander effect is described as the composition that individuals are more likely to help when unsocial(predicate) than when in the company of others (Latane ; Darley, 1970).\r\nthither is a large amount of literature examining share behaviors and trying to see under what conditions do people ascertain to help others and models of the bystander effect have developed over time. The literature includes studies that examine individual and situational particularors that promote or stymie pro-social bystander intervention (Banyard, Moynihan, ; Plante, 2007). Factors that have been effect to doctor helping behavior are group size, which accounts for the distribution of responsibility or the idea that someone else will intervene. Perceptions and re movements to situations are negatively affected by the heraldic bearing of other people.\r\nThese perceptions fuck be both real or imagined. Other studies have lay down that if a group is cohesive and communication occurs, a consensus to help develops and they are more likely to intervene (Banyard, Moynihan, ; Plante, 2007). alive in a unsophisticated environment may increase the likelihood of someone interact (Banyard, Moynihan, ; Plante, 2007). Inter face-to-face circumstanceors that affect if a person intervenes includes: mood, individual perceptions of the compensatet, mood, record of relationship to the person in need of help, and perceptions that will be able to actually help the person (Banyard, Moynihan, ; Plante, 2007).\r\n at that place appears to be ambiguity around intervening in several situations, in particular those that are violent. Norms rough what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior in particular social contexts are found in most aspects of individual’s workaday lives and they withal exist in the world of helping behaviors (Hart ; Miethe, 2008). Underst anding these norms can facilitate a greater understanding of bystander behaviors and establish to creation effective programs for increase bystander alive(predicate)ness and behaviors in the area of sexual emphasis pr faceion.\r\nExploring the bystander effect is classical because bystander actions and reactions may affect both the risks of violence and consequences of violence for a victim. A witness or bystander may dissuade a execrable offence from occurring or their intervention may help a victim if a violent attack is in progress (Hart ; Miethe, 2008). Many people believe that violent iniquitys occur in secluded places out of the site of others. However, many criminal offences are committed in the heraldic bearing of a social listening (Hart ; Miethe, 2008).\r\nAccording to a National Crime Victimization mass (NCVS) ideal in the 1990’s, bystanders were present in approximately 70% of assaults, 52% of robberies, and 29% of rapes and sexual assault (Planty, 20 02 as cited in Hart ; Miethe, 2008). ————————————————- When faced with a potentially dangerous situation, bystanders have choices. They can choose to do nothing, provide indirect run (calling police or others to help), or straightway intervene. 6 ————————————————- Rem non So Innocent Bystanders ———————————————— By Sara on March 11, 2010 3:38 PM | 1 Comment | 0 TrackBacks Should bystanders of crime be convicted? there is roughly incessantly something that a bystander can do to help stop crime against another human. If the criminal is gesture a weapon around, it is graspable that not many bystanders would stones throw up to the plate. However, there have been many cases lately that have essayn how little bystanders do to help a person in need, when they are fully able to. well-nigh of these bystanders actually matrimony the perpetrator.\r\nThe links I have posted here show mental picture of a woman being beaten in a subway, with subway officers there. The officers say that it is not their job to step in, and they called for reinforcement. Whoever said that stepping in is not permitting was unequivocally not there, and did not see how important it is that they DO step in. The flash video is a news report of a high take aim girl who was gang looted outside of her homecoming dance. People watched and jeered, and some who had just been walking by joined in to rape her. Some even recorded the showcase on their cell- call off cameras.\r\nBut no one helped these victims. Last semester I excessivelyk tender Psychology and learned nigh the Kitty Genovese case. This woman was killed outside of her flat tire multiform as her neighbors watched and listened. They were g o pastn ample time to go out and help her or call for police after the killer had left-hand(a) over(p). No one did anything. This is know as the bystander effect, which is somemultiplication caused by diffusion of responsibility. Bystanders think, â€Å"Someone else will surely help, someone else has probably already done something, yea, I dont have to do anything. ” But often no one helps!\r\nThis cannot be used as an excuse. These people are intimately as guilty as the perpetrator and should be convicted excessively. Tags:Bystander,bystander effect,diffusion of responsibilty,Kitty Genovese, brotherly PsychologyNo TrackBacksember, when people intervene for the good of others, it creates a safer community. 7- Dont Just Stand There †Do Something A community where people intervene for the good of others is a safer community. â€Å"The Bystander Effect” xl years ago, Kitty Genovese was attacked and murdered outside her New York City apartment building. thirty-ei ght people comprehend her calls for help s they watched from behind their apartment windows. The attack ultimatelyed more than half(a) an hour. by and by it was over, someone called the police, who arrived within ii proceeding. That 1964 incident became a textbook case. Why did so many witnesses fail to act? Phoning the police would involve no risk, and likely would have protected Ms. Genoveses living. Social psychologists Latane and Darley1 suggested reasons much(prenominal)(prenominal) as diffusion of responsibility or failure to recognize the true significance of the incident. They concluded that the more people witness an event, the less likely each individual is to intervene.\r\nThis became known as the Bystander Effect. When a violent incident or hand brake occurs, the Bystander Effect is not a mere academician concept. In an unpublicized case last summer, seven untested men robbed and knifed the 16-year old nephew of a backsideada sentry duty Council staff member , who overtakeed to be walking done a business district park in a major Canadian city. No one helped the victim or called the police. If the attackers had been caught, they could have faced criminal charges instead of likely pass on to commit more crimes. Someone in the collection must(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) have had a cell sound.\r\nWhy didnt anyone at least call the police? Numerous incidents like this happen in communities across Canada. law estimate that only one out of every 10 swarmings is report. The victims, often teenagers, are left scarred and traumatized for life. Such attacks temper many Canadians to fear their communities are unsafe. This fear only makes matters worsened by creating abandoned, dangerous streets. Its not that Canadians dont act when they see an imperative situation. There are unmeasured examples of successful intervention, including people who have risked their life to save a stranger.\r\nNonetheless, police and community asylum leaders would like to see more bystander involvement. Simply by reporting an urgent situation, a witness can prevent it from becoming more serious. Everyone Can Help How can the power of bystanders be harnessed in the inte remnant of public safety? Several factors can assist people to help strangers in tribulation. When a victim makes it very clear help is needed, people are more likely to intervene. Dont expect bystanders to figure out youre in trouble. Make sure they know. For example, look directly at someone in the crowd and ask for help.\r\nPerceived mightiness to help and perceived risk also determine whether or not a bystander will help. For example, the ubiquitous cell phone empowers users to call for help from almost anywhere, immediately and with little or no risk. Close to sixsome million pinch calls are placed from wandering(a) phones in Canada each year †about half of all calls to essential numbers. Every day, thousands of Canadians use mobile phones to cal l for help when they see a settle, a crime in progress or a life-threatening medical examination indispensableness. Police urge witnesses of crimes to be observant and to call 9-1-1 as quickly as possible.\r\n ordain a good explanation of the perpetrators, where they came from and where they go after the incident. In 1993, dickens-year-old James Bulger was murdered in the UK by two former(a) children. Ironically, 38 witnesses saw the tot being led remote against his will by two older sons. UK researchers looked at the role of bystanders in the tragedy. Dr. Mark Levine2 found that they did not intervene because they impression the ternion boys were brothers and considered â€Å"family” a clubby space. After examining other instances of bystander intervention and non-intervention, Dr.\r\nLevine concluded that members of a group take responsibility for the safety of others they see as belong to the human beinggeneous group †and that the sense of group membership can be broadened. All Canadians must do their part to discipline we continue to live in a safe and school society. When you see someone in trouble just think †if you were that person, what would you want passers-by to do? 9-1-1 Tips for winding Phone Users Calls to 9-1-1 are free of charge. Do not preprogram 9-1-1 into your phones speed-dial function. control 9-1-1 only when the safety of people or property is at risk (e. . a antiaircraft gun, crime in progress or medical hint). Provide your 10-digit phone number so the doer can call you back. take place your precise location or the location of the jot. Describe the emergency intelligibly. Stay on the line until the agent tells you to hang up. Then, ensue your phone turned on in case the operator calls back. 1 Latane, Bibb ; Darley, fast one M. (1968). host inhibition of bystander intervention in emergencies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10(3), 215-221. 2Levine, Mark (2002). Walk On By?\r\nRelatio nal judge Bulletin (Issue 16, Nov 2002) guard Canada January 2004 Safety Canada January 2004 ————————————————- Canadas Silent Tragedy 8- AP psychology NILAND Chapter 13 †Social Psychology foliate 1 of 5 When Will People Help in a Crisis? John M. Darley and Bibb Latane Most of America lives in cities, and it is one of the major tragedies of these times that our cities are in deep trouble. In slender towns throughout the landed estate, people still get out their houses unlocked and the keys in their cars when they park.\r\nNo one living in a rural community would dream of stealing from someone else, because everyone knows everyone. Who wants to steal from people he knows? And if you stole a friends car, where could you elbow grease it in a micro community that it wouldnt instantly be recognized? When everyone knows everyone, complex social systems are not needed to help allevi ate those disasters that strike-the fire and police segments are staffed chiefly by volunteers (who never go on strike), and the welfare department consists of charitable neighbors quite than squads o f social workers.\r\nCities are supposed to be collections of small towns, but in at least one important sense, they are not: in a rural community, everyone sees the (often rather crude) machinery of government and feels that it is available to him. In large cities, this machinery is mostly invisible, confidential away in ungetatable Kafkaesque corners. Involvement in local affairs is almost forced on the small-town citizen; the apartment dweller in New York withdraws into his own little world not so a good deal because he wants to as because he has no ready marrow o f act actively in the life o f his city even if he wants to.\r\nAnd, as John M. Darley and Bibb Latane point out, pulling out from and deprivation of concern about ones fellow citizens can live a terrible habit . Kitty Genovese is set upon by a maniac as she returns home from work at 3 A. m. Thirty-eight of her neighbors in Kew Gardens come to their windows when she cries out in terror; none comes to her assistance even though her snitch takes over half an hour to murder her. No one even so ofttimes as calls the police. She dies. Andrew Mormille is stabbed in the digest as he rides the A train home to Manhattan.\r\n eleven other riders watch the seventeen-year-old boy as he bleeds to death; none comes to his assistance even though his attackers have left the car. He dies. An eighteen-year-old switchboard operator, only if in her office is the Bronx, is violate and beaten. Escaping momentarily, she runs naked and bleeding to the street, let loose for help. A crowd of forty passerby gathers and watches as, in broad daylight, the rapist tries to drag her lack upstairs; no one interferes. Finally two policemen happen by and arrest her assailant. Eleanor Bradley trips and breaks her offs et while shopping on Fifth Avenue.\r\nDazed and in shock, she calls for help, but the hurrying decant of executives and shoppers evidently parts and flows past. After forty minutes a taxi driver helps her to a doctor. The shocking thing about these cases is that so many people failed to respond. If only one or two had editd the victim, we might be able to understand their inertia. But when thirty-eight people, or eleven people, or hundreds of people fail to help, we become disturbed. Actually, this fact that shocks us so very much is itself the clue to understanding these cases.\r\nAlthough it seems plain that the more people who watch a victim in trauma, the more likely someone will help, what really happens is but the opposite. If each member of a group of bystanders is aware that other people are also present, he will be less likely to bill of fare the emergency, less likely to settle down that it is an emergency, and less likely to act even if he thinks there is an eme rgency. This is a surprising assertion-what we are saying is that the victim may actually be less likely to get help, the more people who watch his distress and are available to help.\r\nWe shall discuss in detail the process through which an individual bystander must go in bless to intervene, and we shall present the results of some experiments designed to show the make of the number of looker-ons on the likelihood of intervention. Since we started research on bystander responses to emergencies, we have come acrossd many explanations for the lack of intervention. â€Å"I would assign this to the effect of the megapolis in which we live, which makes closeness very delicate and leads to the alienation of the individual from the group,” contributed a psychoanalyst. A disaster syndrome,” explained a sociologist, â€Å"that shook the sense of safety and sureness of the individuals gnarly and caused psychological withdrawal from the event by ignoring it. ” †Å"A pathy,” claimed others. â€Å"Indifference. ” â€Å"The gratification of unconscious sadistic impulses. ” â€Å"Lack of concern for our fellow men. ” â€Å"The Cold Society. ” All of these analyses of the person who fails to help share one characteristic; they set the extraneous witness apart from the rest of us as a different kind of person.\r\n sure large not one of us who reads about these incidents in incompatibility is apathetic, alienated, or de individualisedized. Certainly not AP PSYCHOLOGY NILAND Chapter 13 †Social Psychology Page 2 of 5 one of us enjoys gratifying his sadistic impulses by watching others suffer. These terrifying cases in which people fail to help others certainly have no personal implications for us. That is, we might fall not to ride subways anymore, or that New York isnt even â€Å"a nice place to visit,” or â€Å"there ought to be a law” against lethargy, but we need not feel guilty, or reexa mine ourselves.\r\nLooking more closely at print descriptions of the behavior of witnesses to these incidents, the people involved begin to look a little less inhumane and a lot more like the rest of us. Although it is emphatically true that the witnesses in the incidents higher up did nothing to save the victims, apathy, indifference, and sluggishness are not entirely accurate descriptions of their reactions. The thirty-eight witnesses of Kitty Genoveses murder did not just now look at the scene once and then ignore it. They continued to stare out of their windows at what was going on.\r\nCaught, fascinated, distressed, loath to act but futile to turn away, their behavior was incomplete helpful nor heroic; but it was not abstracted or apathetic. Actually, it was like crowd behavior in many other emergency situations. Car accidents, drownings, fires, and essay suicides all attract pregnant numbers of people who watch the drama in bemused fascination without acquire dir ectly involved in the action. ar these people alienated and neutral? Are the rest of us? Obviously not. Why, then, dont we act?\r\nThe bystander to an emergency has to make a series of decisions about what is happening and what he will do about it. The consequences of these decisions will determine his actions. There are three things he must do if he is to intervene: light upon that something is happening, submit that event as an emergency, and decide that he has personal responsibility for intervention. If he fails to notice the event, if he decides that it is not an emergency, or if he concludes that he is not in person responsible for acting, he will leave the victim unhelped. This state of affairs is shown graphically as a â€Å"decision tree. just now one path through this decision tree leads to intervention; all others lead to a failure to help. As we shall show, at each fork of the path in the decision tree, the strawman of other bystanders may lead a person down the branch of not helping. Noticing: The low Step Suppose that an emergency is actually taking place; a middle-aged man has a heart attack. He stops short, clutches his chest, and staggers to the nearest building wall, where he slowly slumps to the sidewalk in a sitting position. What is the likelihood that a passerby will come to his assistance?\r\nFirst, the bystander has to notice that something is happening. The external event has to break into his thinking and intrude itself on his conscious mind. He must tear himself away from his buck private conceits and pay attention to this eccentric event. But Americans consider it vainglorious manners to look too closely at other people in public. We are taught to respect the privacy of others, and when among strangers, we do this by closing our ears and rid ofing gross(a) at others-we are abashed if caught doing otherwise. In a crowd, then, each person is less likely to notice the root sign of a potential emergency than when alone. \r\nExperimental evidence corroborates this cursory observation. Darley and Latane asked college students to an interview about their reactions to urban living. As the students waited to see the interviewer, either by themselves or with two other students, they leaseed out a preliminary questionnaire. only(a) students often glanced idly about the manner while cream out their questionnaires; those in groups, to avoid seeming rudely inquisitive, unploughed their eyes on their own papers. As part of the study, we represent an emergency: potty was released into the wait style through a vent.\r\nTwothirds of the subjects who were alone when the smoke appeared spy it immediately, but only a quarter of the subjects waiting in groups saw it as quickly. Even after the room had all in all filled with smoke one subject from a group of three finally looked up and exclaimed, â€Å"God! I must be smoking too much” Although eventually all the subjects did become aware of the smo ke, this study signals that the more people present, the sluggish an individual may be to perceive that an emergency does exist and the more likely he is not to see it at all. Once an event is discover, an onlooker must decide whether or not it is truly an emergency.\r\nEmergencies are not always clearly labeled as such; smoke pouring from a building or into a waiting room may be caused by a fire, or it may except indicate a flight in a locomote pipe. Screams -in the street may sign up an assault or a family quarrel. A man lying in a admittance may be having a coronary, suffering from diabetic coma, or he may alone be sleeping off a drunken night. And in any unusual situation, frank Camera may be watching. A person trying to decide whether or not a violaten situation is an emergency often refers to the reactions of those around him; he looks at them to see how he should react himself.\r\nIf everyone else is smooth and indifferent, he will go to remain console and indif ferent; if everyone else is reacting strongly, he will become provoke. This tendency is not provided slavish conformity; unremarkably we derive much important breeding about new situations from how others around us behave. Its a rare traveler who, in picking a wayside restaurant, chooses to stop at one with no cars in the put lot. AP PSYCHOLOGY NILAND Chapter 13 †Social Psychology Page 3 of 5 But now and again the reactions of others provide false information.\r\nThe analyze nonchalance of patients in a dentists waiting room is a poor indication of the spite awaiting them. In general, it is considered embarrassing to look overly concerned, to seem flustered, to â€Å"lose your cool” in public. When we are not alone, most of us try to seem less anxious than we really are. In a potentially dangerous situation, then, everyone present will appear more unconcerned than he is in fact. Looking at the bare impassivity and lack of reaction of the others, each person is led to believe that nothing really is wrong.\r\nMeanwhile the danger may be mounting, to the point where a single person, unaffected by the seeming calm of others, would react. A crowd can thus force inaction on its members by implying, through its passivity and apparent indifference, that an event is not an emergency. Any individual in such a crowd is uncomfortably aware that hell look like a fool if he behaves as though it were-and in these circumstances, until someone acts, no one acts. In the smoke-filled-room study, the smoke trickling from the wall conventional an ambiguous but potentially dangerous situation.\r\nHow did the presence of other people affect a persons response to the situation? Typically, those who were in the waiting room by themselves noticed the smoke at once, gave a slight take aback reaction, hesitated, got up and went over to wonder the smoke, hesitated again, and then left the room to take a chance somebody to tell about the smoke. No one showed any signs of panic, but over three-quarters of these people were concerned enough to report the smoke. Others went through an identical experience but in groups of three strangers. Their behavior was radically different.\r\nTypically, once someone noticed the smoke, he would look at the other people, see them doing nothing, shrug his shoulders, and then go back to his questionnaire, casting covert glances first at the smoke and then at the others. From these three-person groups, only three out of twenty-four people reported the smoke. The inhibiting effect of the group was so strong that the other twenty-one were willing to sit in a room filled with smoke rather than make themselves conspicuous by reacting with alarm and concern-this despite the fact that after three or four minutes the tmosphere in the waiting room grew most unpleasant. Even though they coughed, rubbed their eyes, tried and true to wave the smoke away, and unresolved the window, they apparently were unable to bring themselves to leave. These dramatic differences between the behavior of people alone and those in a group indicate that the group imposed a definition of the situation upon its members that curb action. â€Å"A leak in the air conditioning,” said one person when we asked him what he thought caused the smoke. â€Å"Must be interpersonal chemistry labs in the building. ” â€Å"Steam pipes. â€Å" lawfulness gas to make us give true answers on the questionnaire,” reported the more imaginative. There were many explanations for the smoke, but they all had one thing in common: they did not mention the word fire. In localise the situation as a non-emergency, people explained to themselves why the other observers did not leave the room; they also removed any reason for action themselves. The other members of the group acted as non-responsive models for each person-and as an audience for any â€Å"inappropriate” action he might consider. In such a situation it is all too easy to do nothing.\r\nThe results of this study clearly and strongly support the predictions. But are they general? Would the same effect show up with other emergencies, or is it limited to situations like the smoke study involving danger to the self as well as to others-or to situations in which theres no clearly delimitate â€Å"victim”? It may be that our college-age staminate subjects played â€Å"chicken” with one another to see who would lose face by first fleeing the room. It may be that groups were less likely to respond because no particular person was in danger.\r\nTo see how generalize these results were, Latane and Judith Rodin set up a second experiment, in which the emergency would cause no danger-for the bystander, and in which a specific person was in trouble. Subjects were paid $50 to participate in a survey of game and puzzle preferences conducted at Columbia by the Consumer Testing Bureau (CTB). An attractive young woman, the market-re search interpreter, met them at the door and took them to the testing room. On the way, they passed the CTB office and through its open door they could see filing cabinets and a desk nd bookcases piled high with papers. They entered the adjacent testing room, which contained a table and chairs and a variety of games, where they were given a preliminary background information and game preference questionnaire to fill out. The representative told subjects that she would be on the job(p) next door in her office for about ten minutes while they completed the questionnaires, and left by col the collapsible curtain that divided up the two rooms. She made sure the subjects knew that the Curtain was unlocked, easily opened, and a means of entry to her office.\r\nThe representative stayed in her office, shuffling papers, opening drawers, and making enough resound to remind the subjects of her presence. Four minutes after leaving the testing area, she turned on a high-fidelity stereophon ic register recorder. AP PSYCHOLOGY NILAND Chapter 13 †Social Psychology Page 4 of 5 If the subject listened carefully, he heard the representative procession up on a chair to reach for a stack of papers on the bookcase. Even if he were not listening carefully, he heard a loud crash and a scream as the chair collapsed and she fell to the floor. â€Å"Oh, my God, my hoof it . . . I . . . I . . . cant move it. Oh . . . my ankle,” the representative moaned. â€Å"I . . . cant get this . . . thing . . . off me. ” She cried and moaned for about a minute longer, but the cries gradually got more shadowy and controlled. Finally she muttered something about acquiring outside, knocked over the chair as she pulled herself up, and thumped to the door, closing it behind her as she left. This drama lasted about two minutes. Some people were alone in the waiting room when the â€Å"accident” occurred. Some 70 share of them tenderizeed to help the victim before she l eft the room.\r\nMany came through the curtain to supply their assistance, others simply called out to offer their help. Others faced the emergency in pairs. Only 20 percent of this group eight out of forty offered to help the victim. The other thirty-two remained unresponsive to her cries of distress. Again, the presence of other bystanders inhibited action. And again, the non-interveners seemed to have inflexible the event was not an emergency. They were unsure what had happened, but some(prenominal) it was, it was not too serious. â€Å"A mild sprain,” some said. I didnt want to embarrass her. ” In a â€Å"real” emergency, they conscious us, they would be among the first to help the victim. Perhaps they would be, but in this situation they did not help, because for them the event was not defined as an emergency. Again, solitary people unresolved to a potential emergency reacted more frequently than those clear in groups. We found that the action-inhibiti ng effects of other bystanders works in two different situations, one of which involves risking danger to oneself and the other of which involves helping an injured woman.\r\nThe result seems sufficiently general so that we may assume it operates to inhibit helping in real-life emergencies. Diffused indebtedness Even if a person has noticed an event and defined it as an emergency, the fact that he knows that other bystanders also witnessed it may still make him less likely to intervene. Others may inhibit intervention because they make a person feel that his responsibility is diffused and diluted. Each pass in a button squad feels less in person responsible for killing a man than he would if he alone pulled the trigger.\r\nLikewise, any person in a crowd of onlookers may feel less responsibility for saving a life than if he alone witnesses the emergency. If your car breaks down on a busy highway, hundreds of drivers principal by without anyones stopping to help; if you are stuck on a nearly deserted country road, whoever passes you first is apt to stop. The personal responsibility that a passerby feels makes the difference. A driver on a lonely road knows that if he doesnt stop to help, the person will not get help; the same individual on the crowded highway feels he personally is no more responsible than any of a hundred other drivers.\r\nSo even though an event clearly is an emergency, any person in a group who sees an emergency may feel less responsible, simply because any other bystander is equally responsible for helping. This diffusion of responsibility might have occurred in the famous Kitty Genovese case, in which the observers were walled off from each other in separate apartments. From the silhouettes against windows, all that could be told was that others were also watching. . To test this line of thought, Darley and Latane delusive an emergency in a setting designed to check Kitty Genoveses murder. People overheard a victim calling for help. \r\nSome knew they were the only one to hear the victims cries, the rest believed other people were aware of the victims distress. As with the Genovese witnesses, subjects could not see each other or know what others were doing. The kind of direct group inhibition found in the smoke and fallen-woman studies could not operate. For the simulation, we recruited antheral and female students at New York University to participate in a group preaching. Each student was put in an individual room equipped with a set of headphones and a microphone and told to listen for instruction manual over the headphones.\r\nThe instructions informed the participant that the discussion was to consider personal problems of the normal college student in a high- gouge urban university. It was explained that, because participants might feel embarrass about discussing personal problems publicly, several precautions had been taken to, ensure their anonymity: they would not meet the other people face to fac e, and the experimenter would not listen to the initial discussion but would only ask for their reactions later.\r\nEach person was to gurgle in turn. The first to talk reported that he found it difficult to adjust to New York and his studies. Then, very hesitantly and with obvious embarrassment, he mentioned that he was devoted to nervous seizures, similar to but not really the same as epilepsy. These occurred particularly when he was under the stresses of studying and being graded. Other people then discussed their own problems in turn. The number of other people in the discussion varied.\r\nBut whatever the perceived size of the group two, three, or six people-only the subject was actually present; the others, as well as the instructions and the referencees of the victim-to-be, were present only on a prerecorded attach. When it again was the first persons turn to talk, after a few comments he launched into the following AP PSYCHOLOGY NILAND Chapter 13 †Social Psychology Page 5 of 5 performance, getting increasingly louder with increasing speech difficulties: I can see a lot of er of er how other peoples problems are similar to mine ecause er er I mean er its er I mean some of the er same er kinds of things that I have and an er Im sure that every everybody has and er er I mean er theyre not er e-easy to traverse sometimes and er I er er be upsetting like er er and er I er um I think I I need er if if could er er somebody er er er er er give me give me a little er give me a little help here because er I er Im er h-h-having a a a a a real problem er right now and I er if somebody could help me out it would it would er er s-s-sure be sure be good be . . because er there er er a cause I er uh Ive got a a one of the er seiz-er er things coming on and and and I c-could really er use er some h-help s-so if somebody would er give me a little h-help uh er-er-er-er-er c-could somebody er er help er uh uh uh [choking sounds] . . . Im gonna die er er Im . . . gonna . . .. die er help er er seizure er er . . . [chokes, then quiet]. While this was going on, the experimenter waited outside the students door to see how soon he would emerge to cope with the emergency.\r\nRather to our surprise, some people sat through the entire fit without helping; a disproportionately large percentage of these non-responders were from the largest-size group. Some 85 percent of the people who believed themselves to be alone with the victim came out of their rooms to help, while 62 percent of the people who believed there was one other bystander did so. Of those who believed there were four other bystanders, only 31 percent reported the fit before the tape ended.\r\nThe responsibility-diluting effect of other people was so strong that single individuals were more than twice as likely to report the emergency as those who thought other people also knew about it. The Moral Dilemma matte by Those Who Do Not Respond People who failed to report the emergency show ed few signs of apathy and indifference thought to qualify â€Å"unresponsive bystanders. ” When the experimenter entered the room to end the situation, the subject often asked if the victim was â€Å"all right. ” Many of these people showed physical signs of nervousness; they often had trembling hands and hidrosis palms.\r\nIf anything, they seemed more emotionally aroused than did those who reported the emergency. Their emotional arousal was in sharp blood to the behavior of the non-responding subjects in the smoke and fallen-woman studies. Those subjects were calm and unconcerned when their experiments were over. Having taken the events as non-emergencies, there was no reason for them to be otherwise. It was only the subjects who did not respond in the face of the clear emergency represented by the fit who felt the moral dilemma. Why, then, didnt they respond? It is our impression that non-intervening subjects had not decided not to respond.\r\nRather, they were still in a state of scruple and passage of arms concerning whether to respond or not. The emotional behavior of these non-responding subjects was a sign of their continuing conflict; a conflict that other people resolved by responding. The distinction seems an academic one for the victim, since he gets no help in either case, but it is an extremely important one for understanding why bystanders fail to help. The evidence is clear, then, that the presence of other bystanders and the various ways these other bystanders affect our decision processes make a difference in how likely we are to give help in an emergency.\r\nThe presence of strangers may keep us from noticing an emergency at all; group behavior may lead us to define the situation as one that does not require action; and when other people are there to share the issue of responsibility, we may feel less obligated to do something when action is required. Therefore, it will often be the case that the more people who witness his distress, the less likely it is that the victim of an emergency will get help. Thus, the stereotype of the unconcerned, depersonalized homo urbanis, blandly watching the misfortunes of others, proves inaccurate.\r\nInstead, we find a bystander to an emergency is an hag-ridden individual in accredited doubt, concerned to do the right thing but compelled to make complex decisions under pressure of stress and fear. His reactions are shaped by the actions of others and all too frequently by their inaction. And we are that bystander. Caught up by the apparent indifference of others, we may pass by an emergency without helping or even realizing that help is needed. Aware of the influence of those around us, however, we can resist it. We can choose to see distress and step forward to ease it.\r\n'